{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:30Z","timestamp":1760144970203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment in the scientific area of Microbiology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) under the scope of PORTUGAL 2020","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional do Centro (CENTRO 2020)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","2021.07367.BD","DL 57\/2016","UIDB\/00709\/2020","UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The psychedelic beverage ayahuasca is originally obtained by Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi) (BC) and Psychotria viridis (P. viridis) (PV). However, sometimes these plant species are replaced by others that mimic the original effects, such as Mimosa hostilis (M. hostilis) (MH) and Peganum harmala (P. harmala) (PH). Its worldwide consumption and the number of studies on its potential therapeutic effects has increased. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer properties of ayahuasca in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, the maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of decoctions of MH, PH, and a mixture of these (MHPH) was determined. The activities of caspases 3 and 9 were evaluated, and the cell proliferation index was determined through immunocytochemical analysis (Ki-67). Two fluorescent probes were used to evaluate the production of oxidative stress and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was also evaluated. It was demonstrated that exposure to the extracts significantly induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, while decreasing cell proliferation. MH and MHPH samples significantly reduced oxidative stress and significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity. No significant differences were found in SOD activity. Overall, it was demonstrated that the decoctions have a potential anticancer activity in Caco-2 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T10:08:38Z","timestamp":1717409318000},"page":"719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Ayahuasca in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Survival, Proliferation and Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5330-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Feij\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Socorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102206","article-title":"Ayahuasca and the traveller: A scoping review of risks and possible benefits","volume":"44","author":"Houle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. (2023). A Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12132573"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"113","article-title":"Ayahuasca for the Treatment of Depression","volume":"56","author":"Soares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Duarte, A.P., Barroso, M., Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, A.C., and Gallardo, E. (2019). Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6040106"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.10.008","article-title":"Ayahuasca\u2019s therapeutic potential: What we know\u2014And what not","volume":"66","author":"Maia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Castilho, M., Rosado, T., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Restolho, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. (2021). In Vitro Study of the Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of the Main Compounds Present in Ayahuasca Beverages. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185555"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/103364","article-title":"Ayahuasca\u2014Potential therapeutic properties in psychiatry. Research review","volume":"54","author":"Kucia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. (2021). Psychoactive Substances of Natural Origin: Toxicological Aspects, Therapeutic Properties and Analysis in Biological Samples. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051397"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Gradillas, A., Garc\u00eda, A., Restolho, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Domingues, F., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. (2020). Ayahuasca Beverages: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Properties. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110731"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J., Lu\u00eds, \u00c2., Gallardo, E., and Duarte, A.P. (2022). Evaluation of the In Vitro Wound-Healing Potential of Ayahuasca. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185760"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205031211350838","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312113508389","article-title":"Ayahuasca and cancer treatment","volume":"1","author":"Schenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R., Bhatt, L.K., Johnston, T.P., and Prabhavalkar, K.S. (2019). Colon cancer stem cells: Potential target for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2019.1599660"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310912","article-title":"Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality","volume":"66","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2013.02.006","article-title":"Cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications and perspectives in cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2296-0","article-title":"Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and beta-carbolines in plants used to prepare ayahuasca beverages by means of solid-phase extraction and gas-chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"2","author":"Caramelo","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.1.2.175","article-title":"Caco-2 cell permeability assays to measure drug absorption","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katchborian-Neto, A., Santos, M.F.C., Vilas-Boas, D.F., dos Santos, E.G., Veloso, M.P., Bueno, P.C.P., Caldas, I.S., Soares, M.G., Dias, D.F., and Chagas-Paula, D.A. (2022). Immunological Modulation and Control of Parasitaemia by Ayahuasca Compounds: Therapeutic Potential for Chagas\u2019s Disease. Chem. Biodivers., 19.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200409"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400476","article-title":"Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-020-00575-9","article-title":"Glutaminolysis is a metabolic route essential for survival and growth of prostate cancer cells and a target of 5\u03b1-dihydrotestosterone regulation","volume":"44","author":"Cardoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.12.055","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib modulates the viability and apoptosis of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells dependently on the glycolytic environment","volume":"218","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2015.08.007","article-title":"Peganum harmala L.\u2019s anti-growth effect on a breast cancer cell line","volume":"8","author":"Rabiei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000001462","article-title":"Harmine suppresses the malignant phenotypes and PI3K activity in breast cancer","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anticancer. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.02.008","article-title":"Anticancer activities of harmine by inducing a pro-death autophagy and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.09.007","article-title":"Harmine induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion through down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in gastric cancer","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18613","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18613","article-title":"Novel mechanism of harmaline on inducing G2\/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by up-regulating Fas\/FasL in SGC-7901 cells","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-6-11","article-title":"Harmine activates intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in B16F-10 melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Hamsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4695","article-title":"Harmine induces cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial pathway-mediated cellular apoptosis in SW620 cells via inhibition of the Akt and ERK signaling pathways","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1159\/000487872","article-title":"Suppression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Growth and Metastasis by a Novel Small Molecular Activator of RECK","volume":"45","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08354-z","article-title":"Harmaline exerts potentially anti-cancer effects on U-87 human malignant glioblastoma cells in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Vahedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1931","article-title":"Effects of harmaline on cell growth of human liver cancer through the p53\/p21 and Fas\/FasL signaling pathways","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.08.024","article-title":"DNA binding and apoptotic induction ability of harmalol in HepG2: Biophysical and biochemical approaches","volume":"258","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21550","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02165","article-title":"Discovery of Harmaline as a Potent Inhibitor of Sphingosine Kinase-1: A Chemopreventive Role in Lung Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2019.1595727","article-title":"In vitro relationship between serum protein binding to beta-carboline alkaloids: A comparative cytotoxic, spectroscopic and calorimetric assays","volume":"38","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2019.1661502","article-title":"Sweet Cherry Extract Targets the Hallmarks of Cancer in Prostate Cells: Diminished Viability, Increased Apoptosis and Suppressed Glycolytic Metabolism","volume":"72","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elansary, H.O., Szopa, A., Kubica, P., Ekiert, H., Al-Mana, F.A., and El-Shafei, A.A. (2020). Polyphenols of Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala Leaves and Associated Biological Activities. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091086"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.4.1710","article-title":"Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67","volume":"133","author":"Gerdes","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201500384","article-title":"Cytotoxic Constituents and Mechanism from Peganum harmala","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7289","article-title":"Harmaline isolated from Peganum harmala suppresses growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through targeting mTOR","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v30.i2.40","article-title":"Studies on Anti-metastatic and Anti-invasive Effects of Harmine Using Highly Metastatic Murine B16F-10 Melanoma Cells","volume":"30","author":"Hamsa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"753","article-title":"Antitumour principles from Peganum harmala seeds","volume":"54","author":"Lamchouri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(99)00117-3","article-title":"In vitro cell-toxicity of Peganum harmala alkaloids on cancerous cell-lines","volume":"71","author":"Lamchouri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.5.715S","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement, and significance","volume":"57","author":"Halliwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0384-2","article-title":"ROS in cancer therapy: The bright side of the moon","volume":"52","author":"Perillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623309356453","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Oxidative Damage in Carcinogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Klaunig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azmanova, M., and Pitto-Barry, A. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Cancer Therapy: Friend or Enemy?. ChemBioChem, 23.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202100641"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.06.001","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862743","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.862743","article-title":"The Relationship of Redox With Hallmarks of Cancer: The Importance of Homeostasis and Context","volume":"12","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.12.6295","article-title":"Interactions between oxidative stress, lipid profile and antioxidants in breast cancer: A case control study","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2008.12.010","article-title":"Altered antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in Indian patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Badjatia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(94)90221-6","article-title":"Status of antioxidant systems in human carcinoma of uterine cervix","volume":"87","author":"Balasubramaniyan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3109\/13813455.2015.1016974","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of Peganum harmala against ethanol-induced liver damages in rats","volume":"121","author":"Bourogaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.708909","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds of Cereals and Their Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"56","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3445","article-title":"Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Euonymus japonicus Thunb","volume":"36","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatib, M.A., Costa, J., Spinelli, D., Capecchi, E., Saladino, R., Baratto, M.C., and Pogni, R. (2021). Homogentisic Acid and Gentisic Acid Biosynthesized Pyomelanin Mimics: Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041739"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416618-9.00013-3","article-title":"Methods to monitor ROS production by fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry","volume":"542","author":"Wojtala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0600-0","article-title":"Histamine induces microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal toxicity via H1 receptor activation","volume":"13","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/6\/719\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1760107956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/6\/719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17060719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17060719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8247"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]}}}