{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:18:42Z","timestamp":1778113122260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review addresses the role of semaglutide (SMG), a GLP-1 receptor agonist, in the treatment of obesity and its related comorbidities. Originally developed for type 2 diabetes (DM2), SMG has shown significant efficacy in weight reduction, with superior results compared to other treatments in the same class. Its effects include appetite suppression, increased satiety, and improvements in cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic parameters. Studies such as SUSTAIN, PIONEER, and STEP highlight its superiority compared to other GLP-1 receptor agonists and anti-obesity drugs. The oral formulation showed promising initial results, with higher doses (50 mg) showing weight losses comparable to those of subcutaneous administration. Despite its benefits, there are challenges, such as weight regain after cessation of treatment, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and variability of response. Future studies should explore strategies to mitigate these effects, identify predictive factors of efficacy, and expand therapeutic indications to other conditions related to obesity and insulin resistance. The constant innovation in this class of drugs reinforces the potential of SMG to transform treatment protocols for chronic weight-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Semaglutide as a GLP-1 Agonist: A Breakthrough in Obesity Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Salvador","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Moutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6467-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Ferreira","family":"Vinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0617-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Fernando Pessoa Teaching and Culture Foundation, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00145-5","article-title":"European Commission classifies obesity as a chronic disease","volume":"9","author":"Burki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2024, November 04). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldelli, S., Aiello, G., Mansilla Di Martino, E., Campaci, D., Muthanna, F.M.S., and Lombardo, M. (2024). 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