{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:03:53Z","timestamp":1778616233193,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug resistance (MDR) presents a serious challenge to the efficiency of cancer treatment, and may be associated with the overexpression of drug efflux pumps. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux pump often found overexpressed in cases of acquired MDR. Nevertheless, there are no P-gp inhibitors being used in the current clinical practice, due to toxicity problems, drug interactions, or pharmacokinetic issues. Therefore, it is important to identify novel inhibitors of P-gp activity or expression. Curcumin is a secondary metabolite isolated from the turmeric of Curcuma longa L. which has been associated with several biological activities, particularly P-gp modulatory activity (by inhibiting both P-gp function and expression). However, curcumin shows extensive metabolism and instability, which has justified the recent and intensive search for analogs of curcumin that maintain the P-gp modulatory activity but have enhanced stability. This review summarizes and compares the effects of curcumin and several curcumin analogs on P-glycoprotein function and expression, emphasizing the potential of these molecules for the possible development of safe and effective inhibitors of P-gp to overcome MDR in human cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph9040071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]],"date-time":"2016-11-10T10:51:39Z","timestamp":1478775099000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Curcumin as a Modulator of P-Glycoprotein in Cancer: Challenges and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Lopes-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS-UP-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, ICBAS-UP, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, IPATIMUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc706","article-title":"Multidrug resistance in cancer: Role of ATP-dependent transporters","volume":"2","author":"Gottesman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. 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