{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1767867115712,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]],"date-time":"2020-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BDE\/135076\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BDE\/135076\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/FEDER\/COMPETE2020","award":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04501\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/FEDER\/COMPETE2020","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033532"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Throughout the last decades, dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-tumor vaccines have proven to be a safe therapeutic approach, although with inconsistent clinical results. The functional limitations of ex vivo monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) commonly used in these therapies are one of the pointed explanations for their lack of robustness. Therefore, a great effort has been made to identify DC subsets with superior features for the establishment of effective anti-tumor responses and to apply them in therapeutic approaches. Among characterized human DC subpopulations, conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1) have emerged as a highly desirable tool for empowering anti-tumor immunity. This DC subset excels in its capacity to prime antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and to activate natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are critical factors for an effective anti-tumor immune response. Here, we sought to revise the immunobiology of cDC1 from their ontogeny to their development, regulation and heterogeneity. We also address the role of this functionally thrilling DC subset in anti-tumor immune responses and the most recent efforts to apply it in cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T08:12:22Z","timestamp":1582618342000},"page":"158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy: The Role of Human Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Calmeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3391-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myl\u00e8ne A.","family":"Carrascal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Tecnimede Group, 2710-089 Sintra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5501-1829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Ramos","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel Alexandre","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research-iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7497-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research-iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology-CIBB, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research-CIBIT, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Miguel","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197709012970907","article-title":"Immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"297","author":"Oettgen","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2018.6","article-title":"Using immunotherapy to boost the abscopal effect","volume":"18","author":"Ngwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.01.008","article-title":"The expanding role of immunotherapy","volume":"54","author":"Hierro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12695","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade opens an avenue of cancer immunotherapy with a potent clinical efficacy","volume":"106","author":"Adachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A Common Denominator Approach to Cancer Therapy","volume":"27","author":"Topalian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70585-0","article-title":"Clinical use of dendritic cells for cancer therapy","volume":"15","author":"Anguille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4506","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches to enhance natural killer cell cytotoxicity against cancer: The force awakens","volume":"14","author":"Childs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv270","article-title":"Antigen-specific T cell therapies for cancer","volume":"24","author":"Manzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2017.03.02","article-title":"Mini-review of conventional and hypofractionated radiation therapy combined with immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.07.008","article-title":"Antitumor dendritic cell\u2013based vaccines: Lessons from 20 years of clinical trials and future perspectives","volume":"168","author":"Constantino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.157","article-title":"Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Sabado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v7.i1.133","article-title":"Dendritic cell-based vaccine for pancreatic cancer in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Okamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100311-102839","article-title":"Decisions about Dendritic Cells: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"30","author":"Steinman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06175","article-title":"Taking dendritic cells into medicine","volume":"449","author":"Steinman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.004","article-title":"Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Palucka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0716-8","article-title":"Biomaterial-based platforms for in situ dendritic cell programming and their use in antitumor immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Calmeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.12.125","article-title":"Dendritic cell-based vaccines: Barriers and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Cintolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0250-x","article-title":"Towards superior dendritic-cell vaccines for cancer therapy","volume":"2","author":"Saxena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00165","article-title":"Paradigm Shift in Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: From in vitro Generated Monocyte-Derived DCs to Naturally Circulating DC Subsets","volume":"5","author":"Wimmers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2729","article-title":"Limited Amounts of Dendritic Cells Migrate into the T-Cell Area of Lymph Nodes but Have High Immune Activating Potential in Melanoma Patients","volume":"15","author":"Verdijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401243","article-title":"Human XCR1+ Dendritic Cells Derived In Vitro from CD34+ Progenitors Closely Resemble Blood Dendritic Cells, Including Their Adjuvant Responsiveness, Contrary to Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells","volume":"193","author":"Balan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-3421","article-title":"Peptide-Loaded Langerhans Cells, Despite Increased IL15 Secretion and T-Cell Activation In Vitro, Elicit Antitumor T-Cell Responses Comparable to Peptide-Loaded Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vivo","volume":"17","author":"Romano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2780","article-title":"Mature human Langerhans cells derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors stimulate greater cytolytic T lymphocyte activity in the absence of bioactive IL-12p70, by either single peptide presentation or cross-priming, than do dermal-interstitial or monoc","volume":"173","author":"Ratzinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-435644","article-title":"Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells efficiently cross-present exogenous Ags to CD8+ T cells despite lower Ag uptake than myeloid dendritic cell subsets","volume":"121","author":"Tel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3254","article-title":"Cross-presentation by dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Joffre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"347","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy of cancer and tumor escape mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Melief","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3486","article-title":"The induction of cytotoxic T cells and tumor regression by soluble antigen formulation","volume":"55","author":"Hariharan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0685","article-title":"How Do Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Kill Cancer Cells?","volume":"21","author":"Anel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.117","article-title":"Exploiting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 to reactivate the host immune response against cancer","volume":"108","author":"Quezada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkona, S., Diamandis, E.P., and Blasutig, I.M. (2016). Cancer immunotherapy: The beginning of the end of cancer?. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0623-5"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.07.010","article-title":"CD8+ T Cells: Foot Soldiers of the Immune System","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.f.1774","article-title":"CD8+ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease","volume":"14","author":"Appay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00174","article-title":"How Do CD4(+) T Cells Detect and Eliminate Tumor Cells That Either Lack or Express MHC Class II Molecules?","volume":"5","author":"Haabeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.5.2591","article-title":"CD8+ T cell immunity against a tumor\/self-antigen is augmented by CD4+ T helper cells and hindered by naturally occurring T regulatory cells","volume":"174","author":"Antony","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4296","article-title":"Interleukin-21: A double-edged sword with therapeutic potential","volume":"13","author":"Spolski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083317","article-title":"Defective CD8 T cell memory following acute infection without CD4 T cell help","volume":"300","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1096458","article-title":"Targeting the tumor microenvironment to improve natural killer cell-based immunotherapies: On being in the right place at the right time, with resilience","volume":"12","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344272","article-title":"Effect of tumor cells and tumor microenvironment on NK-cell function","volume":"44","author":"Vitale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.2014011142","article-title":"NK cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"19","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncog."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00760","article-title":"NK Cell Exhaustion","volume":"8","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01205","article-title":"Cancer Immunotherapy Based on Natural Killer Cells: Current Progress and New Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00013","article-title":"Natural killer cells as helper cells in dendritic cell cancer vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Pampena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.1.123","article-title":"NK cell TRAIL eliminates immature dendritic cells in vivo and limits dendritic cell vaccination efficacy","volume":"172","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1154","article-title":"Natural-killer cells and dendritic cells: l\u2019union fait la force","volume":"106","author":"Walzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12888","article-title":"Human dendritic cell subsets: An update","volume":"154","author":"Collin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417028-5.00001-6","article-title":"Ontogeny and functional specialization of dendritic cells in human and mouse","volume":"120","author":"Haniffa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.035","article-title":"Transcriptional Basis of Mouse and Human Dendritic Cell Heterogeneity","volume":"179","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.033","article-title":"Large-Scale Human Dendritic Cell Differentiation Revealing Notch-Dependent Lineage Bifurcation and Heterogeneity","volume":"24","author":"Balan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092140","article-title":"Human CD141 + (BDCA-3) + dendritic cells (DCs) represent a unique myeloid DC subset that cross-presents necrotic cell antigens","volume":"207","author":"Jongbloed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121103","article-title":"Similar antigen cross-presentation capacity and phagocytic functions in all freshly isolated human lymphoid organ\u2013resident dendritic cells","volume":"210","author":"Segura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100348","article-title":"Superior antigen cross-presentation and XCR1 expression define human CD11c+CD141+ cells as homologues of mouse CD8+ dendritic cells","volume":"207","author":"Bachem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.04.012","article-title":"Human tissues contain CD141hi cross-presenting dendritic cells with functional homology to mouse CD103+ nonlymphoid dendritic cells","volume":"37","author":"Haniffa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0341","article-title":"Interleukin-12 from CD103+ Batf3-Dependent Dendritic Cells Required for NK-Cell Suppression of Metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.R-07-149","article-title":"Dendritic cells: Ontogeny","volume":"56","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castell-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Pi\u00f1\u00f3n-Z\u00e1rate, G., Herrera-Enr\u00edquez, M., Jarqu\u00edn-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez, K., and Medina-Solares, I. (2017). Dendritic Cells: Location, Function, and Clinical Implications. Biology of Myelomonocytic Cells, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.68352"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074950","article-title":"The dendritic cell lineage: Ontogeny and function of dendritic cells and their subsets in the steady state and the inflamed setting","volume":"31","author":"Merad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.11.001","article-title":"Defining dendritic cells","volume":"32","author":"Schraml","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.04.009","article-title":"Development of antigen cross-presentation capacity in dendritic cells","volume":"33","author":"Dresch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141441","article-title":"Circulating precursors of human CD1c+ and CD141+ dendritic cells","volume":"212","author":"Breton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00214","article-title":"Expression of XCR1 Characterizes the Batf3-Dependent Lineage of Dendritic Cells Capable of Antigen Cross-Presentation","volume":"3","author":"Bachem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2370","article-title":"Deciphering the transcriptional network of the dendritic cell lineage","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aau4292","article-title":"Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into antigen-presenting dendritic cells","volume":"3","author":"Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092618","article-title":"Characterization of human DNGR-1+ BDCA3+ leukocytes as putative equivalents of mouse CD8alpha+ dendritic cells","volume":"207","author":"Poulin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23140","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.23140","article-title":"Identification of human tissue cross-presenting dendritic cells: A new target for cancer vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Haniffa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202798","article-title":"Critical Roles of a Dendritic Cell Subset Expressing a Chemokine Receptor, XCR1","volume":"190","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.009","article-title":"The dendritic cell receptor Clec9A binds damaged cells via exposed actin filaments","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07750","article-title":"Identification of a dendritic cell receptor that couples sensing of necrosis to immunity","volume":"458","author":"Sancho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"61","article-title":"Chapter 5 the Isolation and Enrichment of Large Numbers of Highly Purifi ed Mouse Spleen Dendritic Cell Populations and Their","volume":"1423","author":"Isolation","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100223","article-title":"The XC chemokine receptor 1 is a conserved selective marker of mammalian cells homologous to mouse CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells","volume":"207","author":"Crozat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00014","article-title":"The Role of XCR1 and its Ligand XCL1 in Antigen Cross-Presentation by Murine and Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"3","author":"Kroczek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.027","article-title":"Selective Expression of the Chemokine Receptor XCR1 on Cross-presenting Dendritic Cells Determines Cooperation with CD8+ T Cells","volume":"31","author":"Dorner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23505","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23505","article-title":"Crucial roles of XCR1-expressing dendritic cells and the XCR1-XCL1 chemokine axis in intestinal immune homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Ohta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.003","article-title":"CD8+ T Cells Orchestrate pDC-XCR1+ Dendritic Cell Spatial and Functional Cooperativity to Optimize Priming","volume":"46","author":"Brewitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142350","article-title":"XCR1+ dendritic cells promote memory CD8+ T cell recall upon secondary infections with Listeria monocytogenes or certain viruses","volume":"213","author":"Alexandre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00009","article-title":"Are Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells Critical for Protective Antitumor Immunity and How?","volume":"10","author":"Cancel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.007","article-title":"Dissecting the Tumor Myeloid Compartment Reveals Rare Activating Antigen-Presenting Cells Critical for T Cell Immunity","volume":"26","author":"Broz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expansion and Activation of CD103 + Dendritic Cell Progenitors at the Tumor Site Enhances Tumor Responses to Therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF Inhibition","volume":"44","author":"Salmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0510","article-title":"Cancer Immunotherapy with Immunomodulatory Anti-CD137 and Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Requires BATF3-Dependent Dendritic Cells","volume":"6","author":"Cueto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1019198","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1019198","article-title":"Cross-presentation of cutaneous melanoma antigen by migratory XCR1 + CD103 \u2212 and XCR1 + CD103 + dendritic cells","volume":"4","author":"Wylie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.06.003","article-title":"Critical Role for CD103 + \/CD141 + Dendritic Cells Bearing CCR7 for Tumor Antigen Trafficking and Priming of T Cell Immunity in Melanoma","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0145-8","article-title":"Adjustment of dendritic cells to the breast-cancer microenvironment is subset specific","volume":"19","author":"Michea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0165","article-title":"Arming the melanoma sentinel lymph node through local administration of CpG-B and GM-CSF: Recruitment and activation of BDCA3\/CD141+ dendritic cells and enhanced cross-presentation","volume":"3","author":"Sluijter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.09.001","article-title":"The Role of Type 1 Conventional Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunity","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7458","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8458","article-title":"Non-redundant requirement for CXCR3 signalling during tumoricidal T-cell trafficking across tumour vascular checkpoints","volume":"6","author":"Mikucki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8437","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1440","article-title":"Natural Killer Cell Accumulation in Tumors Is Dependent on IFN- and CXCR3 Ligands","volume":"68","author":"Wendel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.04.003","article-title":"Tumor-Residing Batf3 Dendritic Cells Are Required for Effector T Cell Trafficking and Adoptive T Cell Therapy","volume":"31","author":"Spranger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.006","article-title":"Macrophage IL-10 Blocks CD8+ T Cell-Dependent Responses to Chemotherapy by Suppressing IL-12 Expression in Intratumoral Dendritic Cells","volume":"26","author":"Ruffell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00159","article-title":"Cross-talks between natural killer cells and distinct subsets of dendritic cells","volume":"5","author":"Ferlazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29087","article-title":"Human natural killer cells promote cross-presentation of tumor cell-derived antigens by dendritic cells","volume":"136","author":"Deauvieau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4366","article-title":"IL-18-Primed Helper NK Cells Collaborate with Dendritic Cells to Promote Recruitment of Effector CD8+ T Cells to the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.004","article-title":"NK Cells Stimulate Recruitment of cDC1 into the Tumor Microenvironment Promoting Cancer Immune Control","volume":"172","author":"Bonavita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0085-8","article-title":"A natural killer\u2013dendritic cell axis defines checkpoint therapy\u2013responsive tumor microenvironments","volume":"24","author":"Barry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404","article-title":"Melanoma-intrinsic \u03b2-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity","volume":"523","author":"Spranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0580-6","article-title":"The clinical application of cancer immunotherapy based on naturally circulating dendritic cells","volume":"7","author":"Bol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2205","article-title":"Effective Clinical Responses in Metastatic Melanoma Patients after Vaccination with Primary Myeloid Dendritic Cells","volume":"22","author":"Schreibelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0787-6","article-title":"Blood-derived dendritic cell vaccinations induce immune responses that correlate with clinical outcome in patients with chemo-naive castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Westdorp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2583","article-title":"Natural Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induce Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses in Melanoma Patients","volume":"73","author":"Tel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000063","article-title":"A Phase I Clinical Trial of CD1c (BDCA-1)+ Dendritic Cells Pulsed With HLA-A*0201 Peptides for Immunotherapy of Metastatic Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Prue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001294","article-title":"Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"363","author":"Kantoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1168555","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1168555","article-title":"CMRF-56+ blood dendritic cells loaded with mRNA induce effective antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses","volume":"5","author":"Fromm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0565-5","article-title":"Effective cancer immunotherapy by natural mouse conventional type-1 dendritic cells bearing dead tumor antigen","volume":"7","author":"Wculek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13720","article-title":"The tumour microenvironment harbours ontogenically distinct dendritic cell populations with opposing effects on tumour immunity","volume":"7","author":"Laoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3606-9_2","article-title":"In vitro generation of human XCR1+ dendritic cells from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors","volume":"1423","author":"Balan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0521","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist StemRegenin 1 promotes human plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cell development from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells","volume":"23","author":"Thordardottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02396-8","article-title":"Induction of tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from na\u00efve human T cells by using Mycobacterium-derived mycolic acid and lipoarabinomannan-stimulated dendritic cells","volume":"68","author":"Tomita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2019.07.007","article-title":"Human CD141+ dendritic cells generated from adult peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.177","article-title":"Cross-presentation of tumour antigens by human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CD141+XCR1+ dendritic cells","volume":"19","author":"Silk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-155176","article-title":"The dendritic cell subtype-restricted C-type lectin Clec9A is a target for vaccine enhancement","volume":"112","author":"Caminschi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401903","article-title":"Induction of Potent CD8 T Cell Cytotoxicity by Specific Targeting of Antigen to Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells In Vivo via Murine or Human XCR1","volume":"194","author":"Hartung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02806","article-title":"Structure-Function Relationship of XCL1 Used for in vivo Targeting of Antigen Into XCR1+ Dendritic Cells","volume":"9","author":"Kroczek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"1469","article-title":"In Vivo Antigen Delivery to Dendritic Cells-A Novel Peptide Vaccine for Cancer Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500564","article-title":"Laser-Assisted Intradermal Delivery of Adjuvant-Free Vaccines Targeting XCR1 + Dendritic Cells Induces Potent Antitumoral Responses","volume":"194","author":"Terhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34584","article-title":"Tumor therapy in mice via antigen targeting to a novel, DC-restricted C-type lectin","volume":"118","author":"Sancho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344076","article-title":"Targeting DNGR-1 (CLEC9A) with antibody\/MUC1 peptide conjugates as a vaccine for carcinomas","volume":"44","author":"Picco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96791","article-title":"Self-adjuvanting nanoemulsion targeting dendritic cell receptor Clec9A enables antigen-specific immunotherapy","volume":"128","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-08-2493","article-title":"Local and systemic effects of an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine combining transgenic human lymphotactin with interleukin-2 in patients with advanced or refractory neuroblastoma","volume":"101","author":"Rousseau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cji.0000211335.14385.57","article-title":"Phase I trial of vaccination with autologous neuroblastoma tumor cells genetically modified to secrete IL-2 and lymphotactin","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40437","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9624","article-title":"A novel peptide targeting Clec9a on dendritic cell for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.086","article-title":"Type I Interferon Delivery by iPSC-Derived Myeloid Cells Elicits Antitumor Immunity via XCR1+ Dendritic Cells","volume":"29","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01195","article-title":"Novel targeting to XCR1+ dendritic cells using allogeneic T cells for polytopical antibody responses in the lymph nodes","volume":"10","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00013","article-title":"Targeting Dendritic Cells in vivo for Cancer Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Caminschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040419","article-title":"Efficient and versatile manipulation of the peripheral CD4+ compartment by Ag targeting to DNGR-1\/CLEC9A","volume":"40","author":"Joffre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01499","article-title":"Neoantigen Vaccine Delivery for Personalized Anticancer Immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa3828","article-title":"A dendritic cell vaccine increases the breadth and diversity of melanoma neoantigen-specific T cells","volume":"348","author":"Carreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/12\/2\/158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:58:12Z","timestamp":1760173092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/12\/2\/158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics12020158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]]}}}