{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T16:33:33Z","timestamp":1769272413806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 301964\/2019-0 Chamada 06\/2019, Chamada CNPq n\u00ba 01\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 301964\/2019-0 Chamada 06\/2019, Chamada CNPq n\u00ba 01\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Ministry of Science and Education (FCT\/MEC) for the sponsorship of the projects M-ERA-NET-0004\/2015-PAIRED and UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund), co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020","award":["M-ERA-NET-0004\/2015-PAIRED and UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-ERA-NET-0004\/2015-PAIRED and UIDB\/04469\/2020 (strategic fund)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is one of the deadliest neglected tropical diseases affecting 12\u201315 million people worldwide, especially in middle- and low-income countries. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease is important for its adequate management and treatment. Several techniques are available for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Among these, parasitological and immunological tests are most widely used. However, in most cases, the utilized diagnostic techniques are not good enough, showing cross-reactivity and reduced accuracy. In recent years, many new methods have been reported with potential for improved diagnosis. This review focuses on the diagnosis of Leishmania exploring the biosensors and nanotechnology-based options for their detection. New developments including the use of nanomaterials as fluorophores, fluorescence quenchers as reducing agents and as dendrimers for signal improvement and amplification, together with the use of aptamers to replace antibodies are described. Future research opportunities to overcome the current limitations on the available diagnostic approaches are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]],"date-time":"2021-04-03T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1617487416000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Are Nanobiosensors an Improved Solution for Diagnosis of Leishmania?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sona","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Wanessa","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5576-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio S.","family":"Dolabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paulo de G\u00f3es Microbiology Institute, Departament of General Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju 49032-490, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: A review","volume":"6","author":"Arenas","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De las Heras, F.G. 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