{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T15:07:21Z","timestamp":1768489641596,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COFAC\/ILIND\/CBIOS\/1\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COFAC\/ILIND\/CBIOS\/1\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antimicrobial activity of dehydroabietic acid (DHA) for its use as an antibiofilm agent was tested in this work. DHA was assayed against a collection of Gram-positive, Gram-negative sensitive and resistant bacteria and yeasts through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), MIC with Bioburden challenge, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), MBIC with Bioburden challenge and growth curve studies. Toxicological studies (Artemia salina, sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay) were done to assess if the compound had antimicrobial and not cytotoxic properties. Furthermore, microencapsulation and stability studies were carried out to evaluate the chemical behavior and stability of DHA. On MIC results, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 1228 and Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 presented a high efficiency (7.81 \u00b5g\/mL), while on Gram-negative bacteria the highest MIC value of 125 \u00b5g\/mL was obtained by all Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and Escherichia coli isolate strain HSM 303. Bioburden challenge showed that MIC, MBIC and percentage biofilm inhibition (BI) values suffered alterations, therefore, having higher concentrations. MBIC values demonstrated that DHA has a higher efficiency against S. aureus ATCC 43866 with a percentage of BI of 75.13 \u00b1 0.82% at 0.49 \u00b5g\/mL. Growth curve kinetic profiles of DHA against S. aureus ATCC 25923 were observed to be bacteriostatic. DHA-alginate beads had a average size of 2.37 \u00b1 0.20 and 2.31 \u00b1 0.17 \u00d7 103 \u00b5m2 with an encapsulation efficiency (EE%) around 99.49 \u00b1 0.05%, a protection percentage (PP%) of 60.00 \u00b1 0.05% in the gastric environment and a protection efficiency (PE%) around 88.12 \u00b1 0.05% against UV light. In toxicological studies DHA has shown IC50 of 19.59 \u00b1 7.40 \u00b5g\/mL and a LC50 of 21.71 \u00b1 2.18%. The obtained results indicate that DHA is a promising antimicrobial candidate against a wide range of bacteria and biofilm formation that must be further explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T21:23:41Z","timestamp":1622669021000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dehydroabietic Acid Microencapsulation Potential as Biofilm-Mediated Infections Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Mar\u00eda","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Pharmacology Area (Pharmacognosy Laboratory), New Antitumor Compounds: Toxic Action on Leukemia Cells Research Group. Ctra. A2, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Km 33.100\u2014Campus Universitario, University of Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Epole","family":"Ntungwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Pharmacology Area (Pharmacognosy Laboratory), New Antitumor Compounds: Toxic Action on Leukemia Cells Research Group. Ctra. A2, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Km 33.100\u2014Campus Universitario, University of Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina P.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Pesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4599-8404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Rijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS-Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). 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