{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T01:53:49Z","timestamp":1772502829205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005667","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado de Santa Catarina","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/TR672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/TR672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312467\/2019-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312467\/2019-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/00313\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00313\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan\/DNA blend hydrogel (CDB) and chitosan\/pectin blend hydrogel (CPB) were synthesized using an emulsion (oil-in-water) technique for the release of methylene blue (model molecule). Both hydrogels were characterized by swelling assays, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), before and after the methylene blue (MB) loading. Higher swelling degrees were determined for both hydrogels in simulated gastric fluid. FT-IR spectra inferred absorption peak changes and shifts after MB loading. The TGA results confirmed changes in the polymer network degradation. The SEM images indicated low porosities on the hydrogel surfaces, with deformed structure of the CPB. Smoother and more uniform surfaces were noticed on the CDB chain after MB loading. Higher MB adsorption capacities were determined at lower initial hydrogel masses and higher initial dye concentrations. The MB adsorption mechanisms on the hydrogel networks were described by the monolayer and multilayer formation. The MB release from hydrogels was studied in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, at 25 \u00b0C and 37 \u00b0C, with each process taking place at roughly 6 h. Higher release rates were determined in simulated gastric fluid at 25 \u00b0C. The release kinetics of MB in chitosan\/DNA and chitosan\/pectin matrices follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T22:23:00Z","timestamp":1623104580000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Methylene Blue Release from Chitosan\/Pectin and Chitosan\/DNA Blend Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cassiele T.","family":"Cesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho 89870-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4612-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur J. M.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre T.","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, Pinhalzinho 89870-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Applied Chemistry, Santa Catarina State University, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.110833","article-title":"Fabrication of a novel drug-resin combination device for controlled release of dextromethorphan hydrobromide","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Mello, D., Vasconcelos, L., Valente, A.J.M., and Borges, A. (2020). Chitosan-Based Coacervate Polymers for Propolis Encapsulation: Release and Cytotoxicity Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124561"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.028","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of antibacterial magnetic-\/pH-sensitive alginate\/Ag\/Fe3O4 hydrogel beads for controlled drug release","volume":"154","author":"Rashidzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00097-9","article-title":"Methylene blue in photodynamic therapy: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications","volume":"2","author":"Tardivo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101889","article-title":"Photophysics and drug delivery behavior of methylene blue into Arabic-gum based hydrogel matrices","volume":"26","author":"Vilsinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.179","article-title":"Drug polarity effect over the controlled release in casein and chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogels","volume":"158","author":"Fragal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/app.41606","article-title":"Adsorption of methylene blue on hemicellulose-based stimuli-responsive porous hydrogel","volume":"132","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.06.051","article-title":"Natural polymer-based magnetic hydrogels: Potential vectors for remote-controlled drug release","volume":"90","author":"Paulino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.940091","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive hydrogels in drug delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Sood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.109220","article-title":"Environment sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery applications","volume":"120","author":"Qureshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.280","article-title":"Pinus residue\/pectin-based composite hydrogels for the immobilization of \u03b2-D-galactosidase","volume":"149","author":"Cargnin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.11.048","article-title":"Improved sustained release of antigen from immunostimulatory DNA hydrogel by electrostatic interaction with chitosan","volume":"516","author":"Umeki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4706","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC101.706713","article-title":"Adsorption of azo and anthraquinone dye by using watermelon peel powder and corn peel powder: Equilibrium and kinetic studies","volume":"10","author":"Kanthasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104699","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and application of cross-linked chitosan\/oxalic acid hydrogels to improve azo dye (Reactive Red 195) adsorption","volume":"155","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC101.803810","article-title":"Reactive dyes adsorption via Citrus hystrix peel powder and Zea mays cob powder: Characterization, isotherm and kinetic studies","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u0103u, G.A., Mihai, M., and Vodnar, D.C. (2019). The Use of Chitosan, Alginate, and Pectin in the Biomedical and Food Sector\u2014Biocompatibility, Bioadhesiveness, and Biodegradability. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111837"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.10.032","article-title":"Characterization of chitosan and chitin produced from silkworm crysalides","volume":"64","author":"Paulino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2018.1525545","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of spirulina microalgae on the drug delivery characteristics of genipin cross-linked chitosan hydrogels","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10606","DOI":"10.1021\/la100818p","article-title":"Novel biocompatible DNA gel particles","volume":"26","author":"Infante","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6478","DOI":"10.1021\/la700672e","article-title":"DNA gel particles: Particle preparation and release characteristics","volume":"23","author":"Miguel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2005.11.027","article-title":"Highly expansive DNA hydrogel films prepared with photocrosslinkable poly(vinyl alcohol)","volume":"284","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14609","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02332H","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and sorption studies of aromatic compounds by hydrogels of chitosan blended with \u03b2-cyclodextrin- and PVA-functionalized pectin","volume":"8","author":"Filho","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Crank, J. (1975). The Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(87)90035-6","article-title":"A simple equation for description of solute release II. Fickian and anomalous release from swellable devices","volume":"5","author":"Ritger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.02.056","article-title":"Effect of magnetite on the adsorption behavior of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) in chitosan-based hydrogels","volume":"275","author":"Paulino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3208-3","article-title":"Adsorption and removal of chromium (VI) contained in aqueous solutions using a chitosan-based hydrogel","volume":"26","author":"Vilela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1021\/j150576a611","article-title":"A useful adsorption isotherm","volume":"63","author":"Redlich","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1746922","article-title":"On the structure of a catalyst surface","volume":"16","author":"Sips","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-009-0030-7","article-title":"Comparison between linear and non-linear forms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic models for the removal of methylene blue by activated carbon","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.08.038","article-title":"Applicability of some statistical tools to predict optimum adsorption isotherm after linear and non-linear regression analysis","volume":"153","author":"Ncibi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vareda, J.P., Valente, A.J.M., and Dur\u00e3es, L. (2020). Silica aerogels\/xerogels modified with nitrogen-containing groups for heavy metal adsorption. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122788"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Guesser, F. (2009). Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o, Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de Hidrogel de Quitosana\/Glutaralde\u00eddo, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124703","article-title":"Recent advances on composite hydrogels designed for the remediation of dye-contaminated water and wastewater: A review","volume":"284","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.106","article-title":"Arabic gum-based composite hydrogels reinforced with eucalyptus and pinus residues for controlled phosphorus release","volume":"140","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.04.018","article-title":"Chitosan-based hydrogel and chitosan\/acid-activated montmorillonite composite hydrogel for the adsorption and removal of Pb+2 and Ni+2 ions accommodated in aqueous solutions","volume":"6","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"De Almeida, D.A. (2019). S\u00edntese in situ de Nanopart\u00edculas de ouro Para Obten\u00e7\u00e3o de Comp\u00f3sitos com Polissacar\u00eddeos Visanddo Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/md13010141","article-title":"Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation?","volume":"13","author":"Queiroz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gun\u2019ko, V., Savina, I., and Mikhalovsky, S. (2017). Properties of Water Bound in Hydrogels. Gels, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels3040037"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.12.037","article-title":"Efficiency of hydrogels based on natural polysaccharides in the removal of Cd 2+ ions from aqueous solutions","volume":"168","author":"Paulino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.21577\/1984-6835.20170021","article-title":"Recent advances in designing hydrogels from chitin and chitin-derivatives and their impact on environment and agriculture: A review","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Virtual Quim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4914924","article-title":"Modeling the effects of pH and ionic strength on swelling of polyelectrolyte gels","volume":"142","author":"Drozdov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.01.088","article-title":"Immobilization and controlled release of \u03b2-galactosidase from chitosan-grafted hydrogels","volume":"179","author":"Facin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.10.013","article-title":"Methyl orange and tartrazine yellow adsorption on activated carbon prepared from boiler residue: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics studies and material characterization","volume":"6","author":"Martini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/6\/842\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:11:44Z","timestamp":1760163104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/6\/842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics13060842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13060842","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]}}}