{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:01:41Z","timestamp":1773115301688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/QUI-QFI\/28020\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI-QFI\/28020\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/141936\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/141936\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multifunctional lipid nanocarriers are a promising therapeutic approach for controlled drug release in cancer therapy. Combining the widely used liposome structure with magnetic nanoparticles in magnetoliposomes allies, the advantages of using liposomes include the possibility to magnetically guide, selectively accumulate, and magnetically control the release of drugs on target. The effectiveness of these nanosystems is intrinsically related to the individual characteristics of the two main components\u2014lipid formulation and magnetic nanoparticles\u2014and their physicochemical combination. Herein, shape-anisotropic calcium-substituted magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (Ca0.25Mg0.75Fe2O4) were prepared for the first time, improving the magnetic properties of spherical counterparts. The nanoparticles revealed a superparamagnetic behavior, high saturation magnetization (50.07 emu\/g at 300 K), and a large heating capacity. Furthermore, a new method for the synthesis of solid magnetoliposomes (SMLs) was developed to enhance their magnetic response. The manufacturing technicalities were optimized with different lipid compositions (DPPC, DPPC\/Ch, and DPPC\/DSPE-PEG) originating nanosystems with optimal sizes for biomedical applications (around or below 150 nm) and low polydispersity index. The high encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin in these magnetoliposomes was proven, as well as the ability of the drug-loaded nanosystems to interact with cell membrane models and release DOX by fusion. SMLs revealed to reduce doxorubicin interaction with human serum albumin, contributing to a prolonged bioavailability of the drug upon systemic administration. Finally, the drug release kinetic assays revealed a preferable DOX release at hyperthermia temperatures (42 \u00b0C) and acidic conditions (pH = 5.5), indicating them as promising controlled release nanocarriers by either internal (pH) and external (alternate magnetic field) stimuli in cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Magnetoliposomes Based on Shape Anisotropic Calcium\/Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers for Doxorubicin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9804-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz D.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"CMEMS-UMinho, Universidade do Minho, DEI, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6094-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita O.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4319-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ba\u00f1obre-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Department, INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo G.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos O.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor S.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department and CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo J. G.","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete M. S.","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020178304031","article-title":"Biophysical aspects of using liposomes as delivery vehicles","volume":"22","author":"Ulrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2.3.465","article-title":"Liposomes in the treatment of inflammatory disorders","volume":"2","author":"Metselaar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00143","article-title":"The use of lipid-based nanocarriers for targeted pain therapies","volume":"4","author":"Hua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.13.118","article-title":"Current trends in the use of liposomes for tumor targeting","volume":"8","author":"Deshpande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1081\/LPR-64971","article-title":"Liposome opsonization","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"39","article-title":"Serum opsonins and liposomes: Their interaction and opsonophagocytosis","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiederschain, G.Y. (2011). The Molecular Probes Handbook. A Guide to Fluorescent Probes and Labeling Technologies, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297911110101"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199803000-00010","article-title":"Preoperative hyperthermia combined with radiochemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: A phase II clinical trial","volume":"227","author":"Rau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613349113","article-title":"Magnetite in the human body: Biogenic vs. anthropogenic","volume":"113","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8691","DOI":"10.1021\/jp500816u","article-title":"Large-scale synthesis of colloidal Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibiting high heating efficiency in magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"118","author":"Sailsman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102319","article-title":"Thermosensitive magnetic nanoparticles exposed to alternating magnetic field and heat-mediated chemotherapy for an effective dual therapy in rat glioma model","volume":"31","author":"Afzalipour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6730","DOI":"10.1021\/es800086f","article-title":"Relation between the redox state of iron-based nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity toward Escherichia coli","volume":"42","author":"Auffan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatarchuk, T., Bououdina, M., Vijaya, J.J., and Kennedy, L.J. (2016). Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Properties, and Perspective Applications. International Conference on Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56422-7_22"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(02)00600-0","article-title":"Enhanced magnetisation in nanocrystalline high-energy milled MgFe2O4","volume":"48","author":"Baabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scr. Mat."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704362","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201704362","article-title":"Giant magnetic heat induction of magnesium-doped \u03b3-Fe2O3 superparamagnetic nanoparticles for completely killing tumors","volume":"30","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"184340","article-title":"Preparation, and structural and magnetic properties of Ca-substituted magnesium ferrite with composition MgCaxFe2\u2212xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07)","volume":"2014","author":"Bamzai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5187-3","article-title":"Study on the efficiency of nanosized magnetite and mixed ferrites in magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"25","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17A337","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4919250","article-title":"Anisotropy effects in magnetic hyperthermia: A comparison between spherical and cubic exchange-coupled FeO\/Fe3O4 nanoparticles","volume":"117","author":"Khurshid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, B.D., Rodrigues, A.R.O., Almeida, B.G., Amorim, C.O., Amaral, V.S., Castanheira, E.M.S., and Coutinho, P.J.G. (2020). Stealth Magnetoliposomes Based on Calcium-Substituted Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles for Curcumin Transport and Release. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103641"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.08.011","article-title":"Altered mitochondrial epigenetics associated with subchronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity","volume":"390","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.09.015","article-title":"Liposomal drug formulations in cancer therapy: 15 years along the road","volume":"17","author":"Slingerland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"265","article-title":"Applications of magnetoliposomes with encapsulated doxorubicin for integrated chemotherapy and hyperthermia of rat C6 glioma","volume":"73","author":"Sourivong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Nat. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S261638","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded PLA-PEG-FA copolymer containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONS) for cancer treatment: Combination therapy with hyperthermia and chemotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Khaledian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.8b01123","article-title":"Evaluating the Critical Roles of Precursor Nature and Water Content When Tailoring Magnetic Nanoparticles for Specific Applications","volume":"1","author":"Cotin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181017","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181017","article-title":"Magnetoliposomes containing magnesium ferrite nanoparticles as nanocarriers for the model drug curcumin","volume":"5","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2011.04.003","article-title":"A membrane filtering method for the purification of giant unilamellar vesicles","volume":"164","author":"Tamba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2009.02.075","article-title":"Suitability of commercial colloids for magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"321","author":"Kallumadil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"039901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.3.039901","article-title":"Book Review: Molecular fluorescence: Principles and applications","volume":"18","author":"Masters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.12.030","article-title":"Imidazolium ionic liquids as solvents of pharmaceuticals: Influence on HSA binding and partition coefficient of nimesulide","volume":"443","author":"Azevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576715014685","article-title":"Profex: A graphical user interface for the Rietveld refinement program BGMN","volume":"48","author":"Kleeberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallog."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"5","article-title":"IUCr Commission on Powder Diffraction","volume":"20","author":"Bergmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Newsletter"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/15\/4\/013","article-title":"Synthesis of acicular Fe\u2013Co nanoparticles and the effect of Al addition on their magnetic properties","volume":"15","author":"Pozas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sau, T.K., and Rogach, A.L. (2012). Complex-Shaped Metal Nanoparticles: Bottom-Up Syntheses and Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652570"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2009.06.061","article-title":"Structural and magnetic properties of CoxZn1\u2212xFe2O4 nanocrystals synthesized by microwave method","volume":"28","author":"Baykal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1021\/nl301499u","article-title":"Nanoscale magnetism control via surface and exchange anisotropy for optimized ferrimagnetic hysteresis","volume":"12","author":"Noh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1156","article-title":"Magnetic particle hyperthermia-biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy","volume":"311","author":"Hergt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23225-5","article-title":"The role of dipole interactions in hyperthermia heating colloidal clusters of densely-packed superparamagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045435","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.85.045435","article-title":"Role of dipole-dipole interactions for hyperthermia heating of magnetic nanoparticle ensembles","volume":"85","author":"Haase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(98)00150-1","article-title":"Deciphering the fluorescence signature of daunomycin and doxorubicin","volume":"73","author":"Karukstis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1021\/js970436l","article-title":"Circular dichroism studies on anthracycline antitumor compounds. Relationship between the molecular structure and the spectroscopic data","volume":"87","author":"Fiallo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1250110205","article-title":"Resonance and pre-resonance Raman spectra of the antitumor drugs adriamycin and daunomycin","volume":"11","author":"Manfait","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp44056c","article-title":"Unravelling molecular mechanisms in the fluorescence spectra of doxorubicin in aqueous solution by femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2008.09.037","article-title":"Studies on self-aggregation of anthracycline drugs by restrained molecular dynamics approach using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy supported by absorption, fluorescence, diffusion ordered spectroscopy and mass spectrometry","volume":"44","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Lakowicz, J.R. (2013). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"196","article-title":"Universal Intermolecular Interactions and Their Effect on the Position of the Electronic Spectra of Molecules in Two-Component Solutions. VIII. Some Remarks on the Application of the Method of Universal Interaction Functions","volume":"19","author":"Bakhshiev","year":"1965","journal-title":"Opt. Spect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1727234","article-title":"Solvent Stark effect and spectral shifts","volume":"44","author":"Baur","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Curtis, H., and Barnes, N.S. (1994). Invitation to Biology, Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"987","article-title":"Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes","volume":"54","author":"Gabizon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.10.002","article-title":"The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-003-1015-x","article-title":"Effect of a PEG lipid (DSPE-PEG2000) and freeze-thawing process on phospholipid vesicle size and lamellarity","volume":"282","author":"Sriwongsitanont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Colloids Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15352","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00447H","article-title":"Magnetoliposomes as carriers for promising antitumor thieno[3,2-b]pyridin-7-arylamines: Photophysical and biological studies","volume":"7","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17302","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA27058H","article-title":"Magnetoliposomes based on manganese ferrite nanoparticles as nanocarriers for antitumor drugs","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.015","article-title":"Solid and aqueous magnetoliposomes as nanocarriers for a new potential drug active against breast cancer","volume":"158","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, D.S., Cardoso, B.D., Rodrigues, A.R.O., Amorim, C.O., Amaral, V.S., Almeida, B.G., Queiroz, M.J.R.P., Martinho, O., Baltazar, F., and Calhelha, F.R.C. (2019). Magnetoliposomes containing calcium ferrite nanoparticles for applications in breast cancer therapy. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090477"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30112-6","article-title":"An assessment of the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer as determined by a set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n = 2, 6, 9, 12, 16)","volume":"254","author":"Tilley","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2004.11.006","article-title":"Quantification of lipid bilayer effective microviscosity and fluidity effect induced by propofol","volume":"114","author":"Bahri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2008.05.174","article-title":"Which physical and structural factors of liposome carriers control their drug-loading efficiency?","volume":"155","author":"Nawalany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.03.024","article-title":"Fluorescence properties of doxorubicin in PBS buffer and PVA films","volume":"170","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14335","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA01214C","article-title":"Interaction of human serum albumin with liposomes of saturated and unsaturated lipids with different phase transition temperatures: A spectroscopic investigation by membrane probe PRODAN","volume":"4","author":"Thakur","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00748-8","article-title":"Left ventricular dysfunction predicted by early troponin I release after high-dose chemotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Cardinale","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005234","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005234","article-title":"Doxorubicin exposure causes subacute cardiac atrophy dependent on the striated muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase MuRF1","volume":"12","author":"Willis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(09)70018-0","article-title":"Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: Overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free cellular iron","volume":"61","author":"Hrdina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10847-020-00994-z","article-title":"Impact of pH and cell medium on the interaction of doxorubicin with lipoic acid cyclodextrin conjugate as the drug carrier","volume":"97","author":"Swiech","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S130404","article-title":"Doxorubicin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles coated with chitosan\/alginate by layer by layer technology for antitumor applications","volume":"12","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.10.044","article-title":"On the use of the Weibull function for the discernment of drug release mechanisms","volume":"309","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"3909","article-title":"HPLC Estimation of Perindopril Erbumine in Tablet Dosage Form","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.043","article-title":"Magnetic nanocellulose alginate hydrogel beads as potential drug delivery system","volume":"118","author":"Supramaniam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/8\/1248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:45:03Z","timestamp":1760165103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/13\/8\/1248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics13081248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}