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Here, three different porphyrinic photosensitizers (PS) (TMPyP, Zn-TMPyP, and P1-C5) were non-covalently loaded onto graphene oxide (GO) or graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in a one-step process. The cytotoxic effects of the free PS and of the corresponding hybrids were compared upon blue (BL) and red-light (RL) exposure on T24 human BC cells. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen generation were measured. TMPyP and Zn-TMPyP showed higher efficiency under BL (IC50: 0.42 and 0.22 \u03bcm, respectively), while P1-C5 was more active under RL (IC50: 0.14 \u03bcm). In general, these PS could induce apoptotic cell death through lysosomes damage. The in vitro photosensitizing activity of the PS was not compromised after their immobilization onto graphene-based nanomaterials, with Zn-TMPyP@GQDs being the most promising hybrid system under RL (IC50: 0.37 \u03bcg\/mL). Overall, our data confirm that GO and GQDs may represent valid platforms for PS delivery, without altering their performance for PDT on BC cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:34:01Z","timestamp":1632263641000},"page":"1512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Graphene Oxide and Graphene Quantum Dots as Delivery Systems of Cationic Porphyrins: Photo-Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation towards T24 Human Bladder Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Menilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV\u2014Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Filipe M. P.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2014Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana T. P. C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Investigation (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M. M.","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2014Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Fateixa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A. F.","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\u2014Requimte, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G. P. M. 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