{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:24:36Z","timestamp":1761719076499,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCTES), European Social Fund (FSE) of EU, for the scholarship SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017 granted to A. R. Fernandes, and for the projects UIDB\/04469\/2020 (CEB strateg","award":["SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017 granted to A. R. Fernandes, and for the projects UIDB\/04469\/2020 (CEB strategic fund) and UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/130555\/2017 granted to A. R. Fernandes, and for the projects UIDB\/04469\/2020 (CEB strategic fund) and UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quaternary derivatives of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and of quinuclidine surfactants were used to develop oil-in-water nanoemulsions with the purpose of selecting the best long-term stable nanoemulsion for the ocular administration of triamcinolone acetonide (TA). The combination of the best physicochemical properties (i.e., mean droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, osmolality, viscoelastic properties, surface tension) was considered, together with the cell viability assays in ARPE-19 and HMC3 cell lines. Surfactants with cationic properties have been used to tailor the nanoemulsions\u2019 surface for site-specific delivery of drugs to the ocular structure for the delivery of TA. They are tailored for the eye because they have cationic properties that interact with the anionic surface of the eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:29Z","timestamp":1633901849000},"page":"1652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["DABCO-Customized Nanoemulsions: Characterization, Cell Viability and Genotoxicity in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium and Microglia Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3s\u2014Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Tiago dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3s\u2014Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Granja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3s\u2014Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Sanchez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Santini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM02958A","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: Formation, properties and applications","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1021\/la104221q","article-title":"How To Prepare and Stabilize Very Small Nanoemulsions","volume":"27","author":"Delmas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chung, E.J., Leon, L., and Rinaldi, C. 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