{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:52:47Z","timestamp":1777099967159,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002924","name":"FEDER","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMPETE2020\u2014Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (POCI),"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE2020\u2014Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (POCI),"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER (C. Pichon)","award":["EX010229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EX010229"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grand D\u00e9fi Biom\u00e9dicament (BiopRNA, C. Pichon)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grand D\u00e9fi Biom\u00e9dicament (BiopRNA, C. Pichon)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The perspective of using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a therapeutic molecule first faced some uncertainties due to concerns about its instability and the feasibility of large-scale production. Today, given technological advances and deeper biomolecular knowledge, these issues have started to be addressed and some strategies are being exploited to overcome the limitations. Thus, the potential of mRNA has become increasingly recognized for the development of new innovative therapeutics, envisioning its application in immunotherapy, regenerative medicine, vaccination, and gene editing. Nonetheless, to fully potentiate mRNA therapeutic application, its efficient production, stabilization and delivery into the target cells are required. In recent years, intensive research has been carried out in this field in order to bring new and effective solutions towards the stabilization and delivery of mRNA. Presently, the therapeutic potential of mRNA is undoubtedly recognized, which was greatly reinforced by the results achieved in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, but there are still some issues that need to be improved, which are critically discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["mRNA, a Revolution in Biomedicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Carapito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6125-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabila","family":"Laroui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biophysique Mol\u00e9culaire (CBM), UPR 4301 CNRS, University of Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Pichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biophysique Mol\u00e9culaire (CBM), UPR 4301 CNRS, University of Orl\u00e9ans, 45071 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fani","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajj, K.A., and Whitehead, K.A. (2017). Tools for translation: Non-viral materials for therapeutic mRNA delivery. Nat. Rev. Mater., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2017.56"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pierce, B. (2017). Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, W.H. Freeman and Company. 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