{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:25:38Z","timestamp":1777616738408,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship of Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","award":["IFPNC-011-130-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPNC-011-130-2020"]}]},{"name":"King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["IFPNC-011-130-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFPNC-011-130-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus pyogenes is one of the most common bacteria causing sinusitis in children and adult patients. Probiotics are known to cause antagonistic effects on S. pyogenes growth and biofilm formation. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against S. pyogenes ATCC 8668. The antibacterial potential of L. plantarum KAU007 metabolite extract (LME) purified from the cell-free supernatant of L. plantarum KAU007 was evaluated in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). LME was further analyzed for its anti-biofilm potential using crystal violet assay and microscopic examination. Furthermore, the effect of LME was tested on the important virulence attributes of S. pyogenes, such as secreted protease production, hemolysis, extracellular polymeric substance production, and cell surface hydrophobicity. Additionally, the impact of LME on the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation and virulence attributes was analyzed using qPCR. The results revealed that LME significantly inhibited the growth and survival of S. pyogenes at a low concentration (MIC, 9.76 \u00b5g\/mL; MBC, 39.06 \u00b5g\/mL). Furthermore, LME inhibited biofilm formation and mitigated the production of extracellular polymeric substance at a concentration of 4.88 \u03bcg\/mL in S. pyogenes. The results obtained from qPCR and biochemical assays advocated that LME suppresses the expression of various critical virulence-associated genes, which correspondingly affect various pathogenicity markers and were responsible for the impairment of virulence and biofilm formation in S. pyogenes. The non-hemolytic nature of LME and its anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties against S. pyogenes invoke further investigation to study the role of LME as an antibacterial agent to combat streptococcal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:10:02Z","timestamp":1670213402000},"page":"2702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 Extract Modulates Critical Virulence Attributes and Biofilm Formation in Sinusitis Causing Streptococcus pyogenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan A.","family":"Rather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Younus","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 215889, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-0046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid Rasool","family":"Kamli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamal S. M.","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Rehman","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Firoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Probionic Corporation, Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, 111-18 Wonjangdong-gil, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54810, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1224-4056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Yan","family":"Hor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA117.000525","article-title":"Streptococcus Pyogenes Infection and the Human Proteome with a Special Focus on the Immunoglobulin G-Cleaving Enzyme IdeS","volume":"17","author":"Karlsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Group A Streptococcal Infections","volume":"13","author":"Henningham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00015","article-title":"Streptococcus Pyogenes Biofilms-Formation, Biology, and Clinical Relevance","volume":"5","author":"Fiedler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000047","article-title":"Current Views of Haemolytic Streptococcal Pathogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1914-9","article-title":"The Pathogenicity of the Streptococcus Genus","volume":"32","author":"Pluskwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2593-0","article-title":"Virulence Factors of Streptococcus Pyogenes Strains from Women in Peri-Labor with Invasive Infections","volume":"35","author":"Machul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftw088","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw088","article-title":"Betulin Inhibits Virulence and Biofilm of Streptococcus Pyogenes by Suppressing RopB Core Regulon, SagA and DltA","volume":"74","author":"Viszwapriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ferretti, J.J., Stevens, D.L., and Fischetti, V.A. (2016, March 25). Virulence-Related Transcriptional Regulators of Streptococcus pyogenes. 2016 Feb 10 [Updated 2016 Mar 25], Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK333412\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.3.1.18652","article-title":"Pathogenic streptococci speak, but what are they saying?","volume":"3","author":"Federle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connolly, K.L., Roberts, A.L., Holder, R.C., and Reid, S.D. (2011). Dispersal of Group a Streptococcal Biofilms by the Cysteine Protease SpeB Leads to Increased Disease Severity in a Murine Model. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018984"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23366-7","article-title":"Glucose Levels Alter the Mga Virulence Regulon in the Group A Streptococcus","volume":"8","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S261975","article-title":"Is There Emergence of \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus Pyogenes in China?","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.08.019","article-title":"Emergence of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pyogenes Emm12 in Southern Taiwan from 2000 to 2019","volume":"54","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebede, D., Admas, A., and Mekonnen, D. (2021). Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus Pyogenes among Pediatric Patients with Acute Pharyngitis at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02196-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584947","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.584947","article-title":"Singularities of Pyogenic Streptococcal Biofilms\u2014From Formation to Health Implication","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramenium, G.A., Viszwapriya, D., Iyer, P.M., Balamurugan, K., and Pandian, S.K. (2015). CovR Mediated Antibiofilm Activity of 3-Furancarboxaldehyde Increases the Virulence of Group a Streptococcus. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127210"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.712236","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum\u2013Nomad and Ideal Probiotic","volume":"12","author":"Fidanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S173867","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance: A Rundown of a Global Crisis","volume":"11","author":"Aslam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-016-0351-x","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infections in Women: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"11","author":"Matulay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Bladder Dysfunct. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2014.987450","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Spp. Intended for Use as Starter and Probiotic Cultures","volume":"29","author":"Georgieva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.04.011","article-title":"High-Throughput Screening Assays for Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Lactobacillus Species","volume":"114","author":"Inglin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.05.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Acidophilus against Multidrug-Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia Coli","volume":"48","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.7454","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Effect of Lactobacillus Casei Culture Supernatant against Multiple Drug Resistant Clinical Isolates of Shigella Sonnei and Shigella Flexneri in Vitro","volume":"15","author":"Mirnejad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, K.B., Baik, J.E., Park, O.J., Yun, C.H., and Han, S.H. (2018). Lactobacillus Plantarum Lipoteichoic Acid Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus Mutans. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192694"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"21","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Different Lactobacillus Species against Multi-Drug Resistant Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"3","author":"Jamalifar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftx009","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx009","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus Salivarius and Lactobacillus Fermentum against Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"75","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00770-10","article-title":"Lactobacilli Reduce Cell Cytotoxicity Caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes by Producing Lactic Acid That Degrades the Toxic Component Lipoteichoic Acid","volume":"55","author":"Maudsdotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840245","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245","article-title":"Lactobacillus spp. for Gastrointestinal Health: Current and Future Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Dempsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-009-0024-7","article-title":"Live and Heat-Inactivated Lactobacilli from Feces Inhibit Salmonella Typhi and Escherichia Coli Adherence to Caco-2 Cells","volume":"54","author":"Ostad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rather, I.A., Kamli, M.R., Sabir, J.S.M., and Paray, B.A. (2022). Potential Antiviral Activity of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum KAU007 against Influenza Virus H1N1. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030456"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1415-z","article-title":"Production and Purification of Anti-Bacterial Biometabolite from Wild-Type Lactobacillus, Isolated from Fermented Bamboo Shoot: Future Suggestions and a Proposed System for Secondary Metabolite Onsite Recovery During Continuous Fermentation","volume":"175","author":"Badwaik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2014). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Standard No. M100-S16CLSI 2014)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79713-0","article-title":"Carvacrol Exhibits Rapid Bactericidal Activity against Streptococcus Pyogenes through Cell Membrane Damage","volume":"11","author":"Wijesundara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.05.010","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Antibiofilm Potential of 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol from Seaweed Surface Associated Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis against Group A Streptococcus","volume":"191","author":"Viszwapriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000105","article-title":"Limonene Inhibits Streptococcal Biofilm Formation by Targeting Surface-Associated Virulence Factors","volume":"64","author":"Subramenium","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollands, A., Aziz, R.K., Kansal, R., Kotb, M., Nizet, V., and Walker, M.J. (2008). A Naturally Occurring Mutation in RopB Suppresses SpeB Expression and Reduces M1T1 Group A Streptococcal Systemic Virulence. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004102"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00445.x","article-title":"Boesenbergia Pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Eleutherine Americana Merr. and Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. as Antibiofilm Producing and Antiquorum Sensing in Streptococcus Pyogenes","volume":"53","author":"Limsuwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.021048-0","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Group A Streptococcus: A Role for the Streptococcal Regulator of Virulence (Srv) and Streptococcal Cysteine Protease (SpeB)","volume":"155","author":"Doern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.20.6016-6024.2003","article-title":"Rgg Coordinates Virulence Factor Synthesis and Metabolism in Streptococcus Pyogenes","volume":"185","author":"Chaussee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1993.1083","article-title":"A Conserved Streptococcus Pyogenes Extracellular Cysteine Protease Cleaves Human Fibronectin and Degrades Vitronectin","volume":"15","author":"Kapur","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00101-13","article-title":"Disease Manifestations and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus","volume":"27","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"111","article-title":"Common Regulators of Virulence in Streptococci","volume":"368","author":"Patenge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04583.x","article-title":"Mutational Analysis of the Group A Streptococcal Operon Encoding Streptolysin S and Its Virulence Role in Invasive Infection","volume":"56","author":"Datta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, K.H., Ruiz-Bustos, E., Courtney, H.S., Dale, J.B., Pence, M.A., Nizet, V., Aziz, R.K., Gerling, I., Price, S.M., and Hasty, D.L. (2009). Inactivation of DltA Modulates Virulence Factor Expression in Streptococcus Pyogenes. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005366"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.M., Tsai, Y.S., Wu, C.M., Liao, S.K., Wu, L.C., Chang, C.S., Liu, Y.H., and Tsai, P.J. (2010). Streptococcal Collagen-like Surface Protein 1 Promotes Adhesion to the Respiratory Epithelial Cell. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-320"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.06283-11","article-title":"Involvement of T6 Pili in Biofilm Formation by Serotype M6 Streptococcus Pyogenes","volume":"194","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.02000.x","article-title":"OmpA Influences Escherichia Coli Biofilm Formation by Repressing Cellulose Production through the CpxRA Two-Component System","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00096-09","article-title":"The Acinetobacter Baumannii 19606 OmpA Protein Plays a Role in Biofilm Formation on Abiotic Surfaces and in the Interaction of This Pathogen with Eukaryotic Cells","volume":"77","author":"Gaddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatsuno, I., Isaka, M., Okada, R., Zhang, Y., and Hasegawa, T. (2014). Relevance of the Two-Component Sensor Protein CiaH to Acid and Oxidative Stress Responses in Streptococcus Pyogenes. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-189"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2015.02.024","article-title":"Liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection of curcuminoids from bacterial culture medium","volume":"988","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00789","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus Species against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01176","article-title":"Lactobacilli Interfere with Streptococcus Pyogenes Hemolytic Activity and Adherence to Host Epithelial Cells","volume":"7","author":"Saroj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60307-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Lactobacillus against Microbial Flora of Cervicovaginal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12290","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12290","article-title":"Characterization and Antibacterial Mode of Action of Lactic Acid Bacterium Leuconostoc Mesenteroides HJ69 from Kimchi","volume":"41","author":"Bajpai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13133","article-title":"Antagonistic Effects of Streptococcus and Lactobacillus Probiotics in Pharyngeal Biofilms","volume":"68","author":"Humphreys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769172","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2021.769172","article-title":"Lactobacilli as Anti-Biofilm Strategy in Oral Infectious Diseases: A Mini-Review","volume":"3","author":"Giordani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1173","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1173","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Lactobacillus Cell-Free Supernatants against Multidrug-Resistant Urogenital Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Scillato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.21.7091-7099.2004","article-title":"Rgg Regulates Growth Phase-Dependent Expression of Proteins Associated with Secondary Metabolism and Stress in Streptococcus Pyogenes","volume":"186","author":"Chaussee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney, H.S., Ofek, I., Penfound, T., Nizet, V., Pence, M.A., Kreikemeyer, B., Podbielski, A., Hasty, D.L., and Dale, J.B. (2009). Correction: Relationship between Expression of the Family of M Proteins and Lipoteichoic Acid to Hydrophobicity and Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus Pyogenes. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/c2f3e4e5-b6a0-4be8-9f8c-3d4e01933385"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00111-06","article-title":"Alanine Esters of Enterococcal Lipoteichoic Acid Play a Role in Biofilm Formation and Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"74","author":"Fabretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2011.00595.x","article-title":"Effect of Saliva Viscosity on the Co-Aggregation between Oral Streptococci and Actinomyces Naeslundii","volume":"29","author":"Kitada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gerodontology"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/12\/2702\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:56Z","timestamp":1760146376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/14\/12\/2702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics14122702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}