{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T04:24:40Z","timestamp":1770524680167,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a chronic and complex condition and is one of the most common neurological diseases, affecting about 50 million people worldwide. Pharmacological therapy has been, and is likely to remain, the main treatment approach for this disease. Although a large number of new antiseizure drugs (ASDs) has been introduced into the market in the last few years, many patients suffer from uncontrolled seizures, demanding the development of more effective therapies. Nanomedicines have emerged as a promising approach to deliver drugs to the brain, potentiating their therapeutic index. Moreover, nanomedicine has applied the knowledge of nanoscience, not only in disease treatment but also in prevention and diagnosis. In the current review, the general features and therapeutic management of epilepsy will be addressed, as well as the main barriers to overcome to obtain better antiseizure therapies. Furthermore, the role of nanomedicines as a valuable tool to selectively deliver drugs will be discussed, considering the ability of nanocarriers to deal with the less favourable physical-chemical properties of some ASDs, enhance their brain penetration, reduce the adverse effects, and circumvent the concerning drug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T03:41:52Z","timestamp":1673926912000},"page":"306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Fighting Epilepsy with Nanomedicines\u2014Is This the Right Weapon?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1224-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana O.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC\u2014Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.05.017","article-title":"Social cognition, psychiatric comorbidities, and quality of life in adults with epilepsy","volume":"100","author":"Yogarajah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, June 17). Epilepsy. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/epilepsy."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13671","article-title":"Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12375","article-title":"The evolution of the concepts of seizures and epilepsy: What\u2019s in a name?","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.12.019","article-title":"New classification efforts in epilepsy: Opportunities for clinical neurosciences","volume":"64","author":"Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.03.016","article-title":"The challenges of treating epilepsy with 25 antiepileptic drugs","volume":"107","author":"Santulli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173582","article-title":"Evolving targets for anti-epileptic drug discovery","volume":"887","author":"Raut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2016.1154840","article-title":"Exploring the latest avenues for antiepileptic drug discovery and development","volume":"11","author":"Gryta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118826","article-title":"Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review","volume":"265","author":"Akyuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0870-2","article-title":"Regulation of ion channels by microRNAs and the implication for epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Gross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wells, B.G., Dipiro, J.T., Schwinghammer, T.L., and Dipiro, C.V. (2009). Pharmacotherapy Handbook, McGraw-Hill Medical."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000503831","article-title":"The epidemiology of epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Beghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12014","article-title":"The impact of epilepsy on patients\u2019 lives","volume":"126","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.03.018","article-title":"Genetic\/idiopathic generalized epilepsies: Not so good as that!","volume":"176","author":"Nilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2020.02.002","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy","volume":"43","author":"Tolchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/pnp.422","article-title":"Pharmacological management of epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2020.1724956","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs: Current status and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Johannessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16597","article-title":"A perspective on the physicochemical and biopharmaceutic properties of marketed antiseizure drugs\u2014From phenobarbital to cenobamate and beyond","volume":"61","author":"Odi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.03.014","article-title":"Early preclinical evaluation of dihydropyrimidin(thi)ones as potential anticonvulsant drug candidates","volume":"102","author":"Matias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2174\/156802612800229215","article-title":"Recent progress in anticonvulsant drug research: Strategies for anticonvulsant drug development and applications of antiepileptic drugs for non-epileptic central nervous system disorders","volume":"12","author":"Dalkara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759720905516","article-title":"Time to Start Calling Things by Their Own Names? The Case for Antiseizure Medicines","volume":"20","author":"French","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.4.547","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug selection according to seizure type in adult patients with epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.106165","article-title":"Clinical opinion: Earlier employment of polytherapy in sequential pharmacotherapy of epilepsy","volume":"156","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.3.383","article-title":"Refining general principles of antiepileptic drug treatments for epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.106939","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic interactions of antiepileptic drugs: From bench to clinical practice","volume":"104","author":"Verrotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12494","article-title":"Medical management of refractory epilepsy-Practical treatment with novel antiepileptic drugs","volume":"55","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0678-x","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in adults: A practical guide","volume":"16","author":"Brodie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70215-6","article-title":"Development of new antiepileptic drugs: Challenges, incentives, and recent advances","volume":"6","author":"Perucca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.15.6.637","article-title":"New antiepileptic drugs that are second generation to existing antiepileptic drugs","volume":"15","author":"Bialer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.06.016","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for intractable epilepsy","volume":"28","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"w14310","article-title":"Modern management of seizures and epilepsy","volume":"146","author":"Gschwind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.05.019","article-title":"Neuroketotherapeutics: A modern review of a century-old therapy","volume":"117","author":"Koppel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0661-6","article-title":"New Techniques and Progress in Epilepsy Surgery","volume":"16","author":"McGovern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"24","article-title":"Towards precision medicine in epilepsy surgery","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60456-6","article-title":"Epilepsy: New advances","volume":"385","author":"Perucca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_251_2020","article-title":"Evolution of patients with surgically treated drug-resistant occipital lobe epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Aznarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01432-x","article-title":"Resective epilepsy surgery: Assessment of randomized controlled trials","volume":"44","author":"Cramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578396","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.578396","article-title":"The ketogenic diet for the treatment of mood disorders in comorbidity with epilepsy in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Operto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592514","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.592514","article-title":"Metabolic control of epilepsy: A promising therapeutic target for epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Fei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlotti, D., Cosso, R., Eller-Vainicher, C., Vescini, F., Chiodini, I., Gennari, L., and Falchetti, A. (2021). Energy metabolism and ketogenic diets: What about the skeletal health? a narrative review and a prospective vision for planning clinical trials on this issue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010435"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4126","article-title":"New avenues for anti-epileptic drug discovery and development","volume":"12","author":"Klitgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x","article-title":"Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: Consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"51","author":"Kwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107790","article-title":"Pharmacoresistance\u2014Epidemiology, mechanisms, and impact on epilepsy treatment","volume":"168","author":"Janmohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.24","article-title":"Epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Devinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.12.014","article-title":"Practice of stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) in drug-resistant epilepsy: Retrospective series with surgery and thermocoagulation outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Gilard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.673579","article-title":"Novel approaches to anticonvulsant drug discovery","volume":"7","author":"Miziak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.11.007","article-title":"Challenges in the clinical development of new antiepileptic drugs","volume":"103","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3949","article-title":"Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs a 30-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-018-0641-9","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of antiepileptic drugs for patients with generalized epileptic seizures: Systematic review and network meta-analyses","volume":"40","author":"Ayres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21329","article-title":"Recent developments of hydrazide\/hydrazone derivatives and their analogs as anticonvulsant agents in animal models","volume":"77","author":"Angelova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00773-w","article-title":"N-Benzyl-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamide (AS-1) with hybrid structure as a candidate for a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug","volume":"17","author":"Zagaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.11.022","article-title":"Drug development for refractory epilepsy: The past 25 years and beyond","volume":"44","author":"Golyala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70076-6","article-title":"The challenge and promise of anti-epileptic therapy development in animal models","volume":"13","author":"Simonato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2019.1083","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs: Evolution of our knowledge and changes in drug trials","volume":"21","author":"Perucca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2016.05.016","article-title":"Fit for purpose application of currently existing animal models in the discovery of novel epilepsy therapies","volume":"126","author":"Loscher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03391.x","article-title":"Identification of new epilepsy treatments: Issues in preclinical methodology","volume":"53","author":"Galanopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.11.009","article-title":"Specific adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs\u2014A true-to-life monotherapy study","volume":"54","author":"Kowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03024.x","article-title":"Modern antiepileptic drug development has failed to deliver: Ways out of the current dilemma","volume":"52","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12603","article-title":"More than seizures: Improving the lives of people with refractory epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Mula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2019.01.011","article-title":"Teratogenic potential of third-generation antiepileptic drugs: Current status and research needs","volume":"71","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Reports"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.12.005","article-title":"Alternatives to valproate in girls and women of childbearing potential with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: State of the art and guidance for the clinician proposed by the Epilepsy and Gender Commission of the Italian League Against Epilepsy (LICE)","volume":"85","author":"Mostacci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure Eur. J. Epilepsy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12196","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs","volume":"41","author":"Hakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1823965","article-title":"Management of epileptic disorders using nanotechnology-based strategies for nose-to-brain drug delivery","volume":"18","author":"Shringarpure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.02.020","article-title":"Recent strategies and advances in the fabrication of nano lipid carriers and their application towards brain targeting","volume":"321","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.11.017","article-title":"Approaches for encephalic drug delivery using nanomaterials: The current status","volume":"155","author":"Anoop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00916-7","article-title":"Nanomedicines in the treatment of colon cancer: A focus on metallodrugs","volume":"12","author":"Farinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00494","article-title":"Nanotechnology: A promising approach for delivery of neuroprotective drugs","volume":"14","author":"Naqvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.03.049","article-title":"Delivery of doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles into U87 human glioblastoma cells","volume":"524","author":"Malinovskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribovski, L., Hamelmann, N.M., and Paulusse, J.M.J. (2021). Polymeric nanoparticles properties and brain delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122045"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2741\/e709","article-title":"Pharmacoresistant epilepsy and nanotechnology","volume":"6","author":"Lazarowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2022.11.003","article-title":"Current approaches to facilitate improved drug delivery to the central nervous system","volume":"181","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-247","article-title":"Dendrimers: Synthesis, applications, and properties","volume":"9","author":"Abbasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinho, J.O., Matias, M., and Gaspar, M.M. (2019). Emergent nanotechnological strategies for systemic chemotherapy against melanoma. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9101455"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundy, D.J., Nguy\u1ec5n, H., and Hsieh, P.C.H. (2021). Emerging nano-carrier strategies for brain tumor drug delivery and considerations for clinical translation. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081193"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satapathy, M.K., Yen, T.L., Jan, J.S., Tang, R.D., Wang, J.Y., Taliyan, R., and Yang, C.H. (2021). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs): An advanced drug delivery system targeting brain through bbb. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081183"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, C.P., Barreiro, S., Moreira, J.N., Silva, R., Almeida, H., Sousa Lobo, J.M., and Silva, A.C. (2021). In vitro studies on nasal formulations of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080711"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milan, J., Niemczyk, K., and Kus-Li\u015bkiewicz, M. (2022). Treasure on the Earth\u2014Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093355"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874742","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.874742","article-title":"Green Metallic Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to Applications","volume":"10","author":"Chopra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vodyashkin, A.A., Kezimana, P., Vetcher, A.A., and Stanishevskiy, Y.M. (2022). Biopolymeric Nanoparticles\u2014Multifunctional Materials of the Future. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14112287"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1002\/nano.202000141","article-title":"Nanotheranostics in epilepsy: A perspective for multimodal diagnosis and strategic management","volume":"2","author":"Shende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Sel."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.08.040","article-title":"MRI tracking of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells labeled with ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"606","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zingale, E., Bonaccorso, A., Carbone, C., Musumeci, T., and Pignatello, R. (2022). Drug Nanocrystals: Focus on Brain Delivery from Therapeutic to Diagnostic Applications. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040691"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.01.028","article-title":"Lamotrigine loaded poly-\u03b5-(d,l-lactide-co-caprolactone) nanoparticles as brain delivery system","volume":"115","author":"Ammar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12436","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201403846","article-title":"Angiopep-conjugated electro-responsive hydrogel nanoparticles: Therapeutic potential for epilepsy","volume":"53","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie\u2014Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.05.056","article-title":"Albumin nanoparticles for the delivery of gabapentin: Preparation, characterization and pharmacodynamic studies","volume":"473","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qushawy, M., Prabahar, K., Abd-Alhaseeb, M., Swidan, S., and Nasr, A. (2019). Preparation and evaluation of carbamazepine solid lipid nanoparticle for alleviating seizure activity in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213971"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB02577C","article-title":"Denatured protein stabilized drug nanoparticles: Tunable drug state and penetration across the intestinal barrier","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118081","article-title":"Targeted delivery of lacosamide-conjugated gold nanoparticles into the brain in temporal lobe epilepsy in rats","volume":"257","author":"Emik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.04.032","article-title":"PAMAM dendrimers as a carbamazepine delivery system for neurodegenerative diseases: A biophysical and nanotoxicological characterization","volume":"544","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.04.021","article-title":"Pluronic P85-coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles overcome phenytoin resistance in P-glycoprotein overexpressing rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced chronic temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"97","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.173","article-title":"Phenytoin carried by silica core iron oxide nanoparticles reduces the expression of pharmacoresistant seizures in rats","volume":"10","author":"Rocha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.05.023","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based delivery of carbamazepine: A promising approach for the treatment of refractory epilepsy","volume":"547","author":"Zybina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.09.041","article-title":"Functionalized nanocarrier combined seizure-specific vector with P-glycoprotein modulation property for antiepileptic drug delivery","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, E., and Villa, C. (2019). Poloxamer hydrogels for biomedical applications. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11120671"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0431-9","article-title":"Electroresponsive nanoparticles improve antiseizure effect of phenytoin in generalized tonic-clonic seizures","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.03.052","article-title":"Carbamazepine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro\/in vivo evaluation","volume":"167","author":"Sbaraglini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.01.019","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate loaded PEGylated-PLGA nanoparticles: A new anti-seizure strategy for temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Cano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.104988","article-title":"Piperine-loaded nanoparticles with enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability for epilepsy control","volume":"137","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00242","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles enhanced the neuroprotective role of curcumin against epilepsy through activation of Bcl-2 family and P38 MAPK pathways","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2016.1234515","article-title":"In vitro\/in vivo evaluation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-loaded N,N-dimethylacrylamide-based pegylated polymeric nanoparticles for brain delivery to treat epilepsy","volume":"33","author":"Erol","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.07.025","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded chitosan-alginate-STPP nanoparticles ameliorate memory deficits and reduce glial activation in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling model of epilepsy","volume":"79","author":"Hashemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.11202.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of muscimol-containing microparticles against pilocarpine-induced focal seizures","volume":"43","author":"Kohane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2019.1573656","article-title":"Characteristics, biological properties and analytical methods of piperine: A review","volume":"50","author":"Quijia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557517666161111110121","article-title":"Recent Highlights on Molecular Hybrids Potentially Useful in Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"17","author":"Matias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03509.x","article-title":"Liposome-entrapped \u03b3-aminobutyric acid inhibits isoniazid-induced epileptogenic activity in rats","volume":"27","author":"Loeb","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps29656","article-title":"Considerations and pitfalls in selecting the drug vehicles for evaluation of new drug candidates: Focus on in vivo pharmaco-toxicological assays based on the rotarod performance test","volume":"21","author":"Matias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.08.010","article-title":"Upregulation of klotho and erythropoietin contributes to the neuroprotection induced by curcumin-loaded nanoparticles in experimental model of chronic epilepsy","volume":"142","author":"Mansoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy480","article-title":"Convection-enhanced delivery of muscimol in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"85","author":"Heiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.07.038","article-title":"Anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of muscimol in immature rats","volume":"1582","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.11.002","article-title":"Oxcarbazepine free or loaded PLGA nanoparticles as effective intranasal approach to control epileptic seizures in rodents","volume":"133","author":"Musumeci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2017.09.001","article-title":"Intranasal administration of carbamazepine-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.04.007","article-title":"Superparamagnetic iron oxide\u2013loaded lipid nanocarriers incorporated in thermosensitive in situ gel for magnetic brain targeting of clonazepam","volume":"107","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105918","article-title":"Nose-to-brain delivery of phenytoin and its hydrophilic prodrug fosphenytoin combined in a microemulsion\u2014Formulation development and in vivo pharmacokinetics","volume":"164","author":"Pires","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1489826","article-title":"Impact of ultrasonication techniques on the preparation of novel Amiloride-nanoemulsion used for intranasal delivery in the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., Ahmad, R., Alrasheed, R.A., Almatar, H.M.A., Al-Ramadan, A.S., Amir, M., and Sarafroz, M. (2020). Quantification and Evaluations of Catechin Hydrate Polymeric Nanoparticles Used in Brain Targeting for the Treatment of Epilepsy. Pharmaceutics., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030203"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., Ahmad, R., Al Qatifi, S., Alessa, M., Al Hajji, H., and Sarafroz, M. (2020). A bioanalytical UHPLC based method used for the quantification of thymoquinone-loaded-PLGA-nanoparticles in the treatment of epilepsy. BMC Chem., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-020-0664-x"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90047-7","article-title":"Effects of amiloride and its analogues on [3H]batrachotoxinin-A 20-\u03b1 benzoate binding, [3H]tetracaine binding and 22Na influx","volume":"149","author":"Velly","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"14507","article-title":"Amiloride suppresses pilocarpine-induced seizures via ASICs other than NHE in rats","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"BR106","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular administration of thymoquinone, the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, suppresses epileptic seizures in rats","volume":"11","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01615.x","article-title":"Functionalized magnetonanoparticles for MRI diagnosis and localization in epilepsy","volume":"49","author":"Akhtari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"4001","article-title":"MRI\u2014Guided epilepsy detection","volume":"2015","author":"Pedram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.01.018","article-title":"Tracking inflammation in the epileptic rat brain by bi-functional fluorescent and magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Portnoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412958","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2412958","article-title":"Value of functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of acute temporal lobe epilepsy on MRI","volume":"2016","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2020.1769127","article-title":"Carbamazepine and levetiracetam-loaded PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation method: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"46","author":"Kandilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350616","article-title":"Seizure exacerbation and status epileptics related to carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide","volume":"35","author":"So","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086503","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5086503","article-title":"Carbamazepine-Mediated Adverse Drug Reactions: CBZ-10,11-epoxide but Not Carbamazepine Induces the Alteration of Peptides Presented by HLA-B\u221715:02","volume":"2018","author":"Simper","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.106219","article-title":"Evaluation of sodium valproate loaded nanoparticles in acute and chronic pentylenetetrazole induced seizure models","volume":"158","author":"Meenu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12567","article-title":"Biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of epilepsy: From current advances to future challenges","volume":"7","author":"Bonilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S., and Kang, P.M. (2020). Systemic review of biodegradable nanomaterials in nanomedicine. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040656"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00840","article-title":"Validation of Early Human Dose Prediction: A Key Metric for Compound Progression in Drug Discovery","volume":"13","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.047","article-title":"Nanosystems in nose-to-brain drug delivery: A review of non-clinical brain targeting studies","volume":"270","author":"Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.08.029","article-title":"Systems biology, complexity, and the impact on antiepileptic drug discovery","volume":"38","author":"Margineanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00301","article-title":"Drug-resistant epilepsy: Multiple hypotheses, few answers","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12322","article-title":"Personalized medicine approaches in epilepsy","volume":"277","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2019-0179","article-title":"Pharmacoresponse in genetic generalized epilepsy: A genome-wide association study","volume":"21","author":"Wolking","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.008","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo experimental models employed in the discovery and development of antiepileptic drugs for pharmacoresistant epilepsy","volume":"146","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860500071292","article-title":"Polysorbate-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles as colloidal carriers for intravenous targeting of drugs to the brain: Comparison of plasma protein adsorption patterns","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlik, M.J., Miziak, B., Walczak, A., Konarzewska, A., Chro\u015bci\u0144ska-Krawczyk, M., Albrecht, J., and Czuczwar, S.J. (2021). Selected molecular targets for antiepileptogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189737"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/2\/306\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:07:57Z","timestamp":1760119677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/2\/306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics15020306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020306","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}