{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:51:19Z","timestamp":1775667079169,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PT national funds","award":["PTDC\/MED-QUI\/29253\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-QUI\/29253\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PTDC\/MED-QUI\/29253\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-QUI\/29253\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by systemic immune and chronic inflammatory features, leading to the destruction of the joints. Presently, there are no effective drugs able to control synovitis and catabolism in the process of RA. 2-Styrylchromones (2-SC) are a small group of compounds characterized by the attachment of a styryl group to the chromone core that have already been associated to a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study investigated the effect of a set of six 2-SC on the interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2)-induced increase of nitric oxide (\u2022NO), inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) expression levels in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS), pointing to the role of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) activation in the process. From a set of six 2-SC, presenting hydroxy and methoxy substituents, the one presenting two methoxy substituents at C-5 and C-7 of A ring and a catechol group on B ring, significantly reduced \u2022NO production and the expression of its inducible synthase (iNOS). It also significantly reduced the catabolic MMP-3 protein expression. This 2-SC inhibited the NF-\u03baB pathway by reversing the IL-1\u03b2 - induced levels of cytoplasmatic NF-kB inhibitor alpha (I\u03baB\u03b1), and decreasing the p65 nuclear levels, suggesting the involvement of these pathways in the observed effects. The same 2-SC significantly increased the COX-2 expression, which may indicate a negative feedback loop mechanism of action. The properties of 2-SC may be of great value in the development of new therapies with improved efficacy and selectivity towards RA, and thus deserve further exploitation and evaluation to disclose the full potential of 2-SC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T04:13:16Z","timestamp":1677471196000},"page":"780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["2-Styrylchromones Prevent IL-1\u03b2-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes while Increasing COX-2 Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8800-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Rufino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua Capit\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o d\u2019\u00c1vila\u2014Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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