{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:33:33Z","timestamp":1773804813713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) Portugal","award":["CEECIND\/03143\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03143\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a serious need of pediatric drug formulations, whose lack causes the frequent use of extemporaneous preparations obtained from adult dosage forms, with consequent safety and quality risks. Oral solutions are the best choice for pediatric patients, due to administration ease and dosage-adaptability, but their development is challenging, particularly for poorly soluble drugs. In this work, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were developed and evaluated as potential nanocarriers for preparing oral pediatric solutions of cefixime (poorly soluble model drug). The selected CSNPs and NLCs showed a size around 390 nm, Zeta-potential &gt; 30 mV, and comparable entrapment efficiency (31\u201336%), but CSNPs had higher loading efficiency (5.2 vs. 1.4%). CSNPs maintained an almost unchanged size, homogeneity, and Zeta-potential during storage, while NLCs exhibited a marked progressive Zeta-potential decrease. Drug release from CSNPs formulations (differently from NLCs) was poorly affected by gastric pH variations, and gave rise to a more reproducible and controlled profile. This was related to their behavior in simulated gastric conditions, where CSNPs were stable, while NLCs suffered a rapid size increase, up to micrometric dimensions. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed CSNPs as the best nanocarrier, proving their complete biocompatibility, while NLCs formulations needed 1:1 dilution to obtain acceptable cell viability values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T03:01:48Z","timestamp":1682046108000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Design, Evaluation and Comparison of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and Chitosan Nanoparticles as Carriers of Poorly Soluble Drugs to Develop Oral Liquid Formulations Suitable for Pediatric Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Nerli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00eddia M. D.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Cirri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-7381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Maestrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2439-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascia","family":"Mennini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola A.","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.04.011","article-title":"Pediatric formulation development\u2014Challenges of today and strategies for tomorrow: Summary report from M-CERSI workshop 2019","volume":"164","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15456","article-title":"Pediatric oral formulations: Why don\u2019t our kids have the medicines they need?","volume":"88","author":"Carleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. 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