{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:14:44Z","timestamp":1777702484422,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT- Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["951723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["UIB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\u2014Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional","award":["951723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951723"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national (FCT\/Norte 2020 Framework)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["951723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Union funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["951723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031781"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["UIB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047225"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/108966\/2015"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01210\/2018"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0070\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145471\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["951723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951723"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is key to fight bacterial adhesion to prevent biofilm establishment on biomaterials. Surface immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) is a promising strategy to avoid bacterial colonization. This work aimed to investigate whether the direct surface immobilization of Dhvar5, an AMP with head-to-tail amphipathicity, would improve the antimicrobial activity of chitosan ultrathin coatings. The peptide was grafted by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) chemistry by either its C- or N- terminus to assess the influence of peptide orientation on surface properties and antimicrobial activity. These features were compared with those of coatings fabricated using previously described Dhvar5-chitosan conjugates (immobilized in bulk). The peptide was chemoselectively immobilized onto the coating by both termini. Moreover, the covalent immobilization of Dhvar5 by either terminus enhanced the antimicrobial effect of the chitosan coating by decreasing colonization by both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Relevantly, the antimicrobial performance of the surface on Gram-positive bacteria depended on how Dhvar5-chitosan coatings were produced. An antiadhesive effect was observed when the peptide was grafted onto prefabricated chitosan coatings (film), and a bactericidal effect was exhibited when coatings were prepared from Dhvar5-chitosan conjugates (bulk). This antiadhesive effect was not due to changes in surface wettability or protein adsorption but rather depended on variations in peptide concentration, exposure, and surface roughness. Results reported in this study show that the antibacterial potency and effect of immobilized AMP vary greatly with the immobilization procedure. Overall, independently of the fabrication protocol and mechanism of action, Dhvar5-chitosan coatings are a promising strategy for the development of antimicrobial medical devices, either as an antiadhesive or contact-killing surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T01:52:41Z","timestamp":1684288361000},"page":"1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influence of Immobilization Strategies on the Antibacterial Properties of Antimicrobial Peptide-Chitosan Coatings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-391 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4702-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-391 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fab\u00edola","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6158-217X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina L.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-013 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.02.049","article-title":"Dhvar5 antimicrobial peptide (AMP) chemoselective covalent immobilization results on higher antiadherence effect than simple physical adsorption","volume":"52","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Floyd, K.A., Eberly, A.R., and Hadjifrangiskou, M. (2017). Biofilms and Implantable Medical Devices: Infection and Control, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.11.005","article-title":"Covalent immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) onto biomaterial surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.01.017","article-title":"Antibacterial surfaces: The quest for a new generation of biomaterials","volume":"31","author":"Hasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c02787","article-title":"Noncovalent Bile Acid Oligomers as Facial Amphiphilic Antimicrobials","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"307","article-title":"Properties and role of the quorum sensing molecule Farnesol in relation to the yeast Candida albicans","volume":"72","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.001","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium-based biomedical materials: State-of-the-art, toxicological aspects and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"71","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820434","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.820434","article-title":"Light-Triggered Adhesive Silk-Based Film for Effective Photodynamic Antibacterial Therapy and Rapid Hemostasis","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121579","article-title":"A NIR-II emissive polymer AIEgen for imaging-guided photothermal elimination of bacterial infection","volume":"286","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.10.036","article-title":"Review of titanium surface modification techniques and coatings for antibacterial applications","volume":"83","author":"Chouirfa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.09.002","article-title":"Antibacterial Coatings: Challenges, Perspectives, and Opportunities","volume":"33","author":"Cloutier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemzadeh-Narbat, M., Cheng, H., Chabok, R., Alvarez, M.M., de la Fuente-Nunez, C., Phillips, K.S., and Khademhosseini, A. Strategies for antimicrobial peptide coatings on medical devices: A review and regulatory science perspective. 2020, 41, 94\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2020.1828810"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.12.008","article-title":"Hybrid nanocoatings of self-assembled organic-inorganic amphiphiles for prevention of implant infections","volume":"140","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.12.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial coatings prepared from Dhvar-5-click-grafted chitosan powders","volume":"84","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2741\/s453","article-title":"Chemical immobilization of antimicrobial peptides on biomaterial surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Sch."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, B., Mart\u00ednez-De-tejada, G., Gomes, P.A.C., Martins, M.C.L., and Costa, F. (2021). Antimicrobial peptides in the battle against orthopedic implant-related infections: A review. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3873682"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2021.100623","article-title":"Smart biomaterial-based systems for intrinsic stimuli-responsive chronic wound management","volume":"22","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17280","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA02017F","article-title":"Stable antibacterial polysaccharide-based hydrogels as tissue adhesives for wound healing","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.2c00563","article-title":"Thiol-Norbornene Photoclick Chemistry for Grafting Antimicrobial Peptides onto Chitosan to Create Antibacterial Biomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(02)00076-1","article-title":"Histatin 5 and derivatives: Their localization and effects on the ultra-structural level","volume":"23","author":"Ruissen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031785","article-title":"Interactions of histatin 5 and histatin 5-derived peptides with liposome membranes: Surface effects, translocation and permeabilization","volume":"379","author":"Kraayenhof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0783479","article-title":"Cu-catalyzed azide\u2013Alkyne cycloaddition","volume":"108","author":"Meldal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900138t","article-title":"Applications of orthogonal \u201cClick\u201d Chemistries in the synthesis of functional soft materials","volume":"109","author":"Iha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.050","article-title":"Tethering antimicrobial peptides onto chitosan: Optimization of azide-alkyne \u201cclick\u201d reaction conditions","volume":"165","author":"Barbosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.07.043","article-title":"Synthesis of an O-alkynyl-chitosan and its chemoselective conjugation with a PEG-like amino-azide through click chemistry","volume":"87","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10096","article-title":"Protein adsorption on mixtures of hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated alkanethiols self-assembled monolayers","volume":"67","author":"Martins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1021\/la702653m","article-title":"Interactions between chitosan and SDS at a low-charged silica substrate compared to interactions in the bulk\u2014The effect of ionic strength","volume":"24","author":"Lundin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.07.033","article-title":"Free-standing polysaccharide composite films: Improved preparation and physical properties","volume":"483","author":"Hashizume","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.07.006","article-title":"Measuring hydrophilicity of RO membranes by contact angles via sessile drop and captive bubble method: A comparative study","volume":"303","author":"Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.035","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides on calcium phosphate-coated titanium for the prevention of implant-associated infections","volume":"31","author":"Kindrachuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90029-5","article-title":"A sensitive fluorometric method for the determination of arginine using 9,10-phenanthrenequinone","volume":"90","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.09.011","article-title":"Effect of gastric environment on Helicobacter pylori adhesion to a mucoadhesive polymer","volume":"9","author":"Nogueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.01.013","article-title":"Interactions of leukocytes and platelets with poly(lysine\/leucine) immobilized on tetraethylene glycol-terminated self-assembled monolayers","volume":"7","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, B., Mota, R., Parreira, P., Tamagnini, P., Martins, M.C.L., and Costa, F. (2019). Broad-Spectrum Anti-Adhesive Coating Based on an Extracellular Polymer from a Marine Cyanobacterium. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17040243"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17310-4","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine-functionalized coating avoids bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1163\/156856205774576736","article-title":"Chemical modification of chitosan by phosphorylation: An XPS, FT-IR and SEM study","volume":"16","author":"Amaral","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.05.015","article-title":"Synthesis, structural characterization and properties of water-soluble N-(\u03b3-propanoyl-amino acid)-chitosans","volume":"71","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00713-8","article-title":"An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization","volume":"42","author":"Brugnerotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, V., Blanco-Canosa, J.B., Rodriguez, H., and Albericio, F. (2013). Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide-Based Diazo-Transfer Reaction for the Preparation of Azido Solid Supports for Solid-Phase Synthesis.","DOI":"10.1021\/co4000437"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11611","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC04010H","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide shows enhanced activity and reduced toxicity upon grafting to chitosan polymers","volume":"51","author":"Sahariah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.06.004","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy of proteins","volume":"1767","author":"Barth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13477","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra47507g","article-title":"Electrical signal guided click coating of chitosan hydrogel on conductive surface","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2021.04.085","article-title":"Graphene films irradiated with safe low-power NIR-emitting diodes kill multidrug resistant bacteria","volume":"180","author":"Henriques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrani, A.G., Motta, A., Amato, F., Schrebler, R., Zanoni, R., and Dalchiele, E.A. (2022). Effect of electrolytic medium on the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide on Si(111) as probed by XPS. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010043"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2022.100332","article-title":"Review on surface-characterization applications of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Recent developments and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Krishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6154","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b00877","article-title":"Poly(L-lysine) Interfaces via Dual Click Reactions on Surface-Bound Custom-Designed Dithiol Adsorbates","volume":"31","author":"Shakiba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.07.029","article-title":"Characterization of chemoselective surface attachment of the cationic peptide melimine and its effects on antimicrobial activity","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2008.11.006","article-title":"Screening and Characterization of Surface-Tethered Cationic Peptides for Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"16","author":"Hilpert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.08.046","article-title":"Arginine-rich self-assembling peptides as potent antibacterial gels","volume":"33","author":"Veiga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0340039","article-title":"The pharmacophore of short cationic antibacterial peptides","volume":"46","author":"Haug","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.025","article-title":"The antibacterial activity of Magainin I immobilized onto mixed thiols Self-Assembled Monolayers","volume":"30","author":"Humblot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8168","DOI":"10.1021\/ja042898o","article-title":"Interpretation of protein adsorption: Surface-induced conformational changes","volume":"127","author":"Roach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scopelliti, P.E., Borgonovo, A., Indrieri, M., Giorgetti, L., Bongiorno, G., Carbone, R., Podest\u00e0, A., and Milani, P. (2010). The Effect of Surface Nanometre-Scale Morphology on Protein Adsorption. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011862"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10885","DOI":"10.1021\/la0621923","article-title":"Enhancement of protein adsorption induced by surface roughness","volume":"22","author":"Rechendorff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1021\/am507148n","article-title":"The influence of surface modification on bacterial adhesion to titanium-based substrates","volume":"7","author":"Lorenzetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1021\/la5001057","article-title":"Studying the influence of surface topography on bacterial adhesion using spatially organized microtopographic surface patterns","volume":"30","author":"Bruque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/5\/1510\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:36:00Z","timestamp":1760124960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/15\/5\/1510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics15051510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051510","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]}}}