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the most common types of cancer worldwide. Despite the low mortality rate, rising incidence and recurrence rates are a burden on healthcare systems. Standard treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are either invasive or toxic to healthy tissues; therefore, new, alternative, selective treatments are needed. In this work, a combined photothermal and chemotherapeutic approach is proposed. MoS2 was used as photothermal agent. It was prepared by a liquid-phase exfoliation and intercalation method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), followed by recirculation through a custom-built high-power ultrasonication probe. After 6 h of ultrasonication treatment, the average particle size was 165 \u00b1 170 nm. Near-infrared (NIR) irradiation assays (810 nm, 0.1 W\/cm2, 30 min, 180 J\/cm2) confirmed that MoS2 nanosheets can efficiently convert NIR light into heat and reach 52 \u00b0C. The therapeutic doses of MoS2 (125 \u00b5g\/mL) and Tegafur (50 \u00b5g\/mL) were optimized and both were simultaneously incorporated into a Carbopol hydrogel. The cells were brought into contact with the hydrogel and irradiated with a custom-built NIR LED system. In HFF-1 cells (normal human fibroblasts), the metabolic activity was 78% (above the 70% toxicity limit\u2014ISO 10993-5:2009(E)), while in A-431 skin cancer cells, it was 28%. In addition, the MoS2 + Tegafur hydrogels led to a 1.9-fold decrease in A-431 cancer cell metabolic activity, 72 h after irradiation, in comparison to MoS2 hydrogels, indicating a combined effect of photothermal and chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1709547117000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New MoS2\/Tegafur-Containing Pharmaceutical Formulations for Selective LED-Based Skin Cancer Photo-Chemotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miguel T.","family":"Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALICE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa A. L. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALICE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3300-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ramiro","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQVR\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica Vila Real, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Physical Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fern\u00e3o D.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALICE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALICE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco, A.G., and Krohling, R.A. 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