{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:04:33Z","timestamp":1770743073264,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the challenges posed by biofilm presence and achieve a substantial reduction in bacterial load within root canals during endodontic treatment, various irrigants, including nanoparticle suspensions, have been recommended. Berberine (BBR), a natural alkaloid derived from various plants, has demonstrated potential applications in dentistry treatments due to its prominent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to produce and characterize a novel polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with berberine and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against relevant endodontic pathogens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Additionally, its cytocompatibility using gingival fibroblasts was assessed. The polymeric nanoparticle was prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. Physicochemical characterization revealed spheric nanoparticles around 140 nm with ca, \u22126 mV of surface charge, which was unaffected by the presence of BBR. The alkaloid was successfully incorporated at an encapsulation efficiency of 77% and the designed nanoparticles were stable upon 20 weeks of storage at 4 \u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C. Free BBR reduced planktonic growth at \u2265125 \u03bcg\/mL. Upon incorporation into PLGA nanoparticles, 20 \u03bcg\/mL of [BBR]-loaded nanoparticles lead to a significant reduction, after 1 h of contact, of both planktonic bacteria and yeast. Sessile cells within biofilms were also considered. At 30 and 40 \u03bcg\/mL, [BBR]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles reduced the viability of the sessile endodontic bacteria, upon 24 h of exposure. The cytotoxicity of BBR-loaded nanoparticles to oral fibroblasts was negligible. The novel berberine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles hold potential as a promising supplementary approach in the treatment of endodontic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T10:45:56Z","timestamp":1718016356000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Improving the Antimicrobial Potency of Berberine for Endodontic Canal Irrigation Using Polymeric Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7487-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IUCS-CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Grenho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoneLab\u2014Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9391-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helena","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BoneLab\u2014Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8777-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia A.","family":"Costa Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500604","article-title":"Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis and the causes of endodontic failures","volume":"15","author":"Nair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. 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