{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:51:46Z","timestamp":1774529506445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2022-136443OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-136443OB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The disadvantages of some conventional drugs, including their low bioavailability, poor targeting efficiency, and important side effects, have led to the rational design of drug delivery systems. In particular, the introduction of drug delivery systems is a potential approach to enhance the uptake of therapeutic agents and deliver them at the right time and in the right amount of concentration at the required site, as well as open new strategies for effective illness treatment. In this review, we provide a basic understanding of drug delivery systems with an emphasis on the use of cyclodextrin-, polymer- and surfactant-based delivery systems. These systems are very attractive because they are biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials with multifunctional components. We also provide some details on their design considerations and their use in a variety of medical applications by employing several routes of administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T03:42:30Z","timestamp":1719546150000},"page":"852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Carrier Systems for Advanced Drug Delivery: Improving Drug Solubility\/Bioavailability and Administration Routes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Losada-Barreiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica, Facultade de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sumeyye","family":"Celik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0386-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zerrin","family":"Sezgin-Bayindir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Bravo-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Department, Primary Health Unit, Galician Health Service (SERGAS), Calle Mourin s\/n, 15330 Ortigueira, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9468-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Bravo-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica, Facultade de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adepu, S., and Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195905"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.257113","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"370","author":"Patrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2020.1732920","article-title":"Discovery of drugs that directly target the intrinsically disordered region of the androgen receptor","volume":"15","author":"Sadar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17488","article-title":"Advances in drug delivery systems, challenges and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Ezike","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezgin-Bayindir, Z., and Losada-Barreiro, S. (2021). Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery to Improve the Therapeutic Benefits of NRF2 Modulators in Cancer Therapy. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050685"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haimhoffer, \u00c1., Ruszny\u00e1k, \u00c1., R\u00e9ti-Nagy, K., Vasv\u00e1ri, G., V\u00e1radi, J., Vecserny\u00e9s, M., B\u00e1cskay, I., Feh\u00e9r, P., Ujhelyi, Z., and Fenyvesi, F. (2019). Cyclodextrins in Drug Delivery Systems and Their Effects on Biological Barriers. Sci. Pharm., 87.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm87040033"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121500","article-title":"Cyclodextrins and derivatives in drug delivery: New developments, relevant clinical trials, and advanced products","volume":"324","author":"Kali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.01.074","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-based sustained and controllable release system of insulin utilizing the combination system of self-assembly PEGylation and polypseudorotaxane formation","volume":"164","author":"Hirotsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.016","article-title":"Polyrotaxane-based systemic delivery of \u03b2-cyclodextrins for potentiating therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C disease","volume":"269","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102975","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical studies of pegylated-\u03b2-cyclodextrin: A step forward to understand its tunable self-aggregation abilities","volume":"67","author":"Luviano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116617","article-title":"Carboxymethyl \u03b2-cyclodextrin grafted carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel-based microparticles for oral insulin delivery","volume":"246","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123976","article-title":"Multifunctionality of cyclodextrin-based polymeric nanoparticulate delivery systems for chemotherapeutics, combination therapy, and theranostics","volume":"654","author":"Devi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00136-5","article-title":"Polyrotaxanes as emerging biomaterials for tissue engineering applications: A brief review","volume":"40","author":"Rajendan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023050814697","article-title":"Formulation and Preliminary in vivo Testing of Rufloxacin-Cyclodextrin Ophthalmic Solutions","volume":"44","author":"Cappello","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"719","article-title":"Effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on the solubility, stability and in-vitro release of ciprofloxacin for ocular drug delivery","volume":"69","author":"Bozkir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boczar, D., and Michalska, K. (2022). Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes with Antibiotics and Antibacterial Agents as Drug-Delivery Systems-A Pharmaceutical Perspective. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071389"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cyclodextrin and its Derivative in Drug Delivery System","volume":"13","author":"Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3311\/PPch.21222","article-title":"Recent List of Cyclodextrin-Containing Drug Products","volume":"67","author":"Szente","year":"2023","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121654","article-title":"Self-assembled \u03b3-cyclodextrin as nanocarriers for enhanced ocular drug bioavailability","volume":"618","author":"Jansook","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.06.009","article-title":"Effects of cyclodextrins on the chemical stability of drugs","volume":"531","author":"Popielec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2010.01030.x","article-title":"Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins: Basic science and product development","volume":"62","author":"Loftsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.938839","article-title":"Exploring versatile applications of cyclodextrins: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.16","article-title":"Cyclodextrin complexes for treatment improvement in infectious diseases","volume":"10","author":"Imperiale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.04.009","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as excipients in tablet formulations","volume":"23","author":"Adeoye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2554-2563.2002","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin itraconazole in pediatric patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"46","author":"Groll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demetzos, C., and Pippa, N. (2020). Cyclodextrin-based drug-delivery systems. Nanomaterials for Clinical Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429490545"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102156","article-title":"Technological evolution of cyclodextrins in the pharmaceutical field","volume":"61","author":"Riascos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"139","article-title":"Cyclodextrins: Application in different routes of drug administration","volume":"55","author":"Shimpi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.05.012","article-title":"Cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical solubilizers","volume":"59","author":"Brewster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rassu, G., Sorrenti, M., Catenacci, L., Pavan, B., Ferraro, L., Gavini, E., Bonferoni, M.C., Giunchedi, P., and Dalpiaz, A. (2021). Versatile Nasal Application of Cyclodextrins: Excipients and\/or Actives?. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081180"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reno, F.E., Normand, P., McInally, K., Silo, S., Stotland, P., Triest, M., Carballo, D., and Pich\u00e9, C. (2015). A novel nasal powder formulation of glucagon: Toxicology studies in animal models. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-015-0026-9"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.05.029","article-title":"Development and formulation of a 0.2% oral solution of midazolam containing gamma-cyclodextrin","volume":"379","author":"Mathiron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2005.11.002","article-title":"Physico-chemical characterization of disoxaril\u2013dimethyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and in vitro permeation studies","volume":"41","author":"Ventura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03611.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nasally delivered midazolam","volume":"69","author":"Haschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suhail, N., Alzahrani, A.K., Basha, W.J., Kizilbash, N., Zaidi, A., Ambreen, J., and Khachfe, H.M. (2021). Microemulsions: Unique Properties, Pharmacological Applications, and Targeted Drug Delivery. Front. Nanotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.754889"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp080031","article-title":"Droplet-size distribution and stability of lipid injectable emulsions","volume":"66","author":"Gallegos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15925-1","article-title":"Gallic Acid Reduces Blood Pressure and Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.440","article-title":"Improved oral delivery of paclitaxel following administration in nanoemulsion formulations","volume":"6","author":"Tiwari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.008","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: Concepts, development and applications in drug delivery","volume":"252","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9526-5","article-title":"Injectable lipid emulsions-advancements, opportunities and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Hippalgaonkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1183","article-title":"Magnetic nanoemulsions as drug delivery system for Foscan\u00ae: Skin permeation and retention in vitro assays for topical application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of skin cancer","volume":"311","author":"Primo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.694865","article-title":"Microemulsions for oral administration and their therapeutic applications","volume":"9","author":"Gibaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040601155665","article-title":"Cyclosporine A: A review of current oral and intravenous delivery systems","volume":"33","author":"Beauchesne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"591","article-title":"Clinical studies with oral lipid based formulations of poorly soluble compounds","volume":"3","author":"Fatouros","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1744-5","article-title":"Lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition of intensive care patients: Current thinking and future directions","volume":"36","author":"Calder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.12.016","article-title":"Drug delivery and drug targeting with parenteral lipid nanoemulsions\u2014A review","volume":"223","author":"Zimmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0088","article-title":"Nanoemulsions in drug delivery: Formulation to medical application","volume":"13","author":"Tayeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezbaruah, R., Chavda, V.P., Nongrang, L., Alom, S., Deka, K., Kalita, T., Ali, F., Bhattacharjee, B., and Vora, L. (2022). Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Vaccines. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111946"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700485","article-title":"Nanoemulsions as versatile formulations for paclitaxel delivery: Peroral and dermal delivery studies in rats","volume":"127","author":"Khandavilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nastiti, C.M.R.R., Ponto, T., Abd, E., Grice, J.E., Benson, H.A.E., and Roberts, M.S. (2017). Topical Nano and Microemulsions for Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9040037"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahr, A., and Pishko, M. (2009). Nanotechnology for Cancer Chemotherapy. Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77668-2_16"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.08.004","article-title":"Liposomes and nanoparticles: Nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer","volume":"30","author":"Malam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2018.06.005","article-title":"Smart nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and toxicity studies: A review","volume":"15","author":"Hossen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2017.1332623","article-title":"Overview of preparation methods of polymeric and lipid-based (niosome, solid lipid, liposome) nanoparticles: A comprehensive review","volume":"67","author":"Amoabediny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.08.012","article-title":"Research progress on liposomes: Application in food, digestion behavior and absorption mechanism","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"325","article-title":"\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan etken maddeler i\u00e7in farmas\u00f6tik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ve aprepitant\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc","volume":"46","author":"Nazli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fabad J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolova, M.P., Kumar, E.M., and Chavali, M.S. (2022). Updates on Responsive Drug Delivery Based on Liposome Vehicles for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102195"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23773","article-title":"Emerging research and clinical development trends of liposome and lipid nanoparticle drug delivery systems","volume":"103","author":"Kraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13044","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02403","article-title":"Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Transport across Intestinal Tissue: An Oral Delivery Perspective","volume":"17","author":"Ejazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2018.06.005","article-title":"Adapting liposomes for oral drug delivery","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-9170-7","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of miltefosine: Contribution of passive paracellular transport","volume":"24","author":"Buyse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7725","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c02055","article-title":"Biofilm-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles with Self-Adaptive Deep Penetration for In Vivo Photothermal Treatment of Implant Infection","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Said, H.M. (2018). Chapter 25\u2014Tight Junctions and the Intestinal Barrier. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Academic Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/00498250701704819","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and its relevance for absorption and elimination","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.16.9","article-title":"Recent advances in liposome surface modification for oral drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S257269","article-title":"The Influence of Nanoparticle Properties on Oral Bioavailability of Drugs","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503879102","article-title":"Mechanics of receptor-mediated endocytosis","volume":"102","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00908-7","article-title":"Current approaches in lipid-based nanocarriers for oral drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Lozano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00126D","article-title":"Liposomes for oral delivery of protein and peptide-based therapeutics: Challenges, formulation strategies, and advances","volume":"9","author":"Jash","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"289","article-title":"Potential of Liposomes for Enhancement of Oral Drug Absorption","volume":"14","author":"Daeihamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.10.025","article-title":"Integrity and stability of oral liposomes containing bile salts studied in simulated and ex vivo gastrointestinal media","volume":"441","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Liposomes containing glycocholate as potential oral insulin delivery systems: Preparation, in vitro characterization, and improved protection against enzymatic degradation","volume":"6","author":"Niu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2011.621128","article-title":"Effectiveness of submicronized chitosan-coated liposomes in oral absorption of indomethacin","volume":"22","author":"Sugihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300202c","article-title":"Oral delivery of doxorubicin using novel polyelectrolyte-stabilized liposomes (layersomes)","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12074","article-title":"Pluronic F127-modified liposome-containing tacrolimus-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: Improved solubility, cellular uptake and intestinal penetration","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.07.011","article-title":"Biotinylated liposomes as potential carriers for the oral delivery of insulin","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123918","article-title":"Anionic liposome formulation for oral delivery of thuricin CD, a potential antimicrobial peptide therapeutic","volume":"654","author":"Ratrey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.124343","article-title":"Enhancing solubilization of Nebivolol hydrochloride through tuning pluronic F-127 with ionic Surfactants: An experimental and theoretical investigation","volume":"398","author":"Anjali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303654","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303654","article-title":"Oral Delivery of the Vancomycin Derivative FU002 by a Surface-Modified Liposomal Nanocarrier","volume":"13","author":"Werner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, E., Palladino, R., Cannavale, M., Lamparelli, E.P., and Maglione, B. (2024). Enhanced Stability of Oral Vitamin C Delivery: A Novel Large-Scale Method for Liposomes Production and Encapsulation through Dynamic High-Pressure Microfluidization. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14060516"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.132","article-title":"Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function","volume":"72","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu357","article-title":"Effect of oral liposomal iron versus intravenous iron for treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in CKD patients: A randomized trial","volume":"30","author":"Pisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Guilford, F.T., and Keller, B.C. (2013). Liposomal Formulation for Oral Administration of Glutathione (Reduced) Via Gel Capsule. (Application No. 13\/732,267), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Keller, B.C. (2004). Oral Liposomal Delivery System. (Application No. 6,726,924), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Keller, B.C. (2004). Sustained Release Formulations for Nifedipine Dextromethorphan, and Danazol. (Application No. 204\/025306), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Yatvin, M., and Betageri, G. (2001). Liposome Drug Delivery. (No. WO 01\/82897 A2), Patent."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.09.009","article-title":"Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: From nanoformulation to clinical approval","volume":"156","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00299-1","article-title":"Structure and design of polymeric surfactant-based drug delivery systems","volume":"73","author":"Torchilin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Nimesh, S., Gupta, N., and Carneiro, G. (2024). 13\u2014Polymeric micelles: Multifunctional properties and applications in cancer. Cancer Therapy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sze, L.P., Li, H.Y., Lai, K.L.A., Chow, S.F., Li, Q., KennethTo, K.W., Lam, T.N.T., and Lee, W.Y.T. (2019). Oral delivery of paclitaxel by polymeric micelles: A comparison of different block length on uptake, permeability and oral bioavailability. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 184.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110554"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"239","article-title":"Nanotechnology Therapeutics in Oncology-Recent Developments and Future Outlook","volume":"47","author":"Richardson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rep. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahman, F., Butt, A.M., Ashi, L., Mohd Amin, M.C.I., and Greish, K. (2022). Polymeric Micelles for Oral Drug Delivery, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89868-3.00015-X"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.02.031","article-title":"Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions","volume":"332","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.09.024","article-title":"The biological fate of orally administered mPEG-PDLLA polymeric micelles","volume":"327","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.07.008","article-title":"Cellular mechanism of oral absorption of solidified polymer micelles","volume":"11","author":"Abramov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.09.089","article-title":"The influence of bile acids on the oral bioavailability of vitamin K encapsulated in polymeric micelles","volume":"133","author":"Janssens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.082","article-title":"Oral pharmacokinetics of the anti-HIV efavirenz encapsulated within polymeric micelles","volume":"32","author":"Chiappetta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105101","article-title":"mPEG-PDLLA polymeric micelles loading a novel pyridazinone derivative IMB5036 for improving anti-tumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"90","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.032","article-title":"Production of paclitaxel-loaded PEG-b-PLA micelles using PEG for drug loading and freeze-drying","volume":"350","author":"Rasoulianboroujeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.08.042","article-title":"Polymeric micelles and alternative nanonized delivery vehicles for poorly soluble drugs","volume":"453","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.06.003","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of polymeric micelles for solubilization of poorly soluble anticancer drugs","volume":"64","author":"Sezgin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.10.028","article-title":"Characterization of self-assembling copolymers in aqueous solutions using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"117","author":"Beghein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.04.019","article-title":"Polymer micelles with cross-linked polyanion core for delivery of a cationic drug doxorubicin","volume":"138","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chroni, A., Mavromoustakos, T., and Pispas, S. (2020). Biocompatible PEO-b-PCL Nanosized Micelles as Drug Carriers: Structure and Drug\u2013Polymer Interactions. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091872"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2010.11.005","article-title":"Linoleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles for intracellular drug delivery and reverse drug resistance of tumor cells","volume":"48","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105236","article-title":"Amphiphilic polylactic acid-b-poly(N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide) copolymers: Self-assembly to polymeric micelles for gene delivery","volume":"91","author":"Aliabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2023.126581","article-title":"Alginic acid-based pH and thermo responsive reversible switched polymeric micelle via RAFT polymerization","volume":"291","author":"Manna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105466","article-title":"Polymeric micelles based on amphiphilic oleic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan for oral drug delivery of bcs class iv compound: Intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetic evaluation","volume":"153","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.09.030","article-title":"Investigation of pluronic and PEG-PE micelles as carriers of meso-tetraphenyl porphine for oral administration","volume":"332","author":"Sezgin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.263554","article-title":"Preparation and optimization of polymeric micelles as an oral drug delivery system for deferoxamine mesylate: In vitro and ex vivo studies","volume":"14","author":"Salimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.12.019","article-title":"Polymeric mixed micelles as nanomedicines: Achievements and perspectives","volume":"113","author":"Cagel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.126","article-title":"Soluplus micelles for improving the oral bioavailability of scopoletin and their hypouricemic effect in vivo","volume":"38","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S352538","article-title":"Orally Administered Halofuginone-Loaded TPGS Polymeric Micelles Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Enhanced Absorption and Efficacy with Reduced Toxicity and Metastasis","volume":"17","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.12.009","article-title":"pH-Responsive polymeric micelles based on amphiphilic chitosan derivatives: Effect of hydrophobic cores on oral meloxicam delivery","volume":"497","author":"Woraphatphadung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2022.03.110","article-title":"Oral colon-targeted mucoadhesive micelles with enzyme-responsive controlled release of curcumin for ulcerative colitis therapy","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W.Y., Wu, Z.M., Yang, Q.Q., Liu, Y.J., Li, J., and Zhang, C.Y. (2019). Smart pH-responsive polymeric micelles for programmed oral delivery of insulin. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110443"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-004-1188-0","article-title":"Engineering Polysaccharide-Based Polymeric Micelles to Enhance Permeability of Cyclosporin A Across Caco-2 Cells","volume":"22","author":"Francis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122138","article-title":"Evaluation and antitumor mechanism of functionalized chitosan-based polymeric micelles for oral delivery of paclitaxel","volume":"625","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103481","article-title":"Multifunctional peptide carrier-modified polymer micelle accelerates oral siRNA-delivery to the colon and improves gene silencing-mediated therapeutic effects in ulcerative colitis","volume":"73","author":"Ibaraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2022.106200","article-title":"Spray-dried indomethacin-loaded polymeric micelles for the improvement of intestinal drug release and permeability","volume":"174","author":"Sipos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119802","article-title":"Design and synthesis of multifunctional polymeric micelles for targeted delivery in Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"363","author":"Qaiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121987","article-title":"Polymeric micelles loaded with glyburide and vanillic acid: I. Formulation development, in-vitro characterization and bioavailability studies","volume":"624","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mubeen, I., Abbas, G., Shah, S., and Assiri, A.A. (2024). Conjugated Linoleic Acid\u2013Carboxymethyl Chitosan Polymeric Micelles to Improve the Solubility and Oral Bioavailability of Paclitaxel. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030342"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-024-05251-0","article-title":"Spray dried mebendazole\u2013loaded Soluplus-based polymeric micelles for improved biopharmaceutical attributes: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"302","author":"Bajaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Helaly, S.N., and Rashad, A.A. (2024). Mirtazapine loaded polymeric micelles for rapid release tablet: A novel formulation\u2014In vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01525-w"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/7\/852\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:00Z","timestamp":1760108640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/7\/852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16070852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070852","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}