{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T09:29:21Z","timestamp":1777195761384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds (OE) through the FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The unique properties of iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted significant interest within the biomedical community, particularly for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Various synthesis methods have been developed to optimize these nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we employed a powdered coconut water (PCW)-assisted sol\u2013gel method to produce magnetite nanoparticles for the first time. A comprehensive analysis of the thermal (differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry), structural (X-ray diffraction), morphological (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy), magnetic (vibrating sample magnetometer and hyperthermia), and biological (cytotoxicity essays) properties was conducted to assess their potential for magnetic hyperthermia. Results: Samples heat-treated at 700 \u00b0C and 400 \u00b0C (washed powder) for 4 h under argon presented only magnetite in their composition. The micrometer-sized particles exhibited ferrimagnetic behavior, with saturation magnetization values of 37, 76, and 10 emu\/g and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 27.1, 19.9, and 14.1 W\/g, respectively, for treatments at 350 \u00b0C (48 h), 700 \u00b0C (4 h), and 400 \u00b0C (washed powder, 4 h) under an argon atmosphere. Biological tests showed no cytotoxicity below 10 mg\/mL. Conclusions: The findings highlight the potential of PCW-assisted synthesis as a sustainable and efficient strategy for producing pure magnetite, with powder washing preceding the heat treatment enabling the attainment of this phase at lower temperatures. Nevertheless, the micrometer-scale dimensions is observed in the morphological analysis limit their suitability for biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T03:14:58Z","timestamp":1733886898000},"page":"1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Green Sol\u2013Gel Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Regadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7626-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"P\u00e1dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4975-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula I. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Departamento de Ci\u00eancia dos Materiais, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Gavinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-9507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel P. F.","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-5764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Soreto Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06244","article-title":"Improvement of Hyperthermia Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Surface Coating","volume":"8","author":"Vassallo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.40805","article-title":"Comprehensive Understanding of Magnetic Hyperthermia for Improving Antitumor Therapeutic Efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alromi, D.A., Madani, S.Y., and Seifalian, A. (2021). Emerging Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234146"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s43153-020-00063-5","article-title":"Study of Heating Curves Generated by Magnetite Nanoparticles Aiming Application in Magnetic Hyperthermia","volume":"37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100742","article-title":"Design and Engineering of Magneto-Responsive Devices for Cancer Theranostics: Nano to Macro Perspective","volume":"116","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2020.100042","article-title":"A Review on Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Biological Applications of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Samrot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.17488\/RMIB.38.1.36","article-title":"Desarrollo de Nanopart\u00edculas Magn\u00e9ticas Fe+32 X+21O4 (X= Fe, Co y Ni) Recubiertas Con Amino Silano","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Ing. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200106","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.202200106","article-title":"Effect of Aminosilane Nanoparticle Coating on Structural and Magnetic Properties and Cell Viability in Human Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"39","author":"Urquizo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"S1009","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan\u2013Magnetite Nanocomposites Obtained with Different PH","volume":"29","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313763","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2014.2313763","article-title":"Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Technique and Their Characterization","volume":"50","author":"Kayani","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.07.037","article-title":"Preparation and Magnetic Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Method","volume":"309","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.10.047","article-title":"Magnetic, Raman and M\u00f6ssbauer Properties of Double-Doping LaFeO3 Perovskite Oxides","volume":"149\u2013150","author":"Benali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-008-2738-3","article-title":"Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition of Ferrous Oxalate Dihydrate","volume":"43","author":"Angermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.152548","article-title":"Solvothermal Synthesis of CuFe2O4 and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles with High Heating Efficiency for Magnetic Hyperthermia Application","volume":"816","author":"Fotukian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1021\/cm060805r","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Monodisperse Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Daou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Raman Study of Cations\u2019 Distribution in ZnxMg 12xFe2O4 Nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Nakagomi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2021.167899","article-title":"Magnetic Properties of Larger Ionic Radii Samarium and Gadalonium Doped Manganese Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared by Solution Combustion Method","volume":"529","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061933X20060174","article-title":"Continuous Flow Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Water-in-Oil Microemulsion","volume":"82","author":"Pinkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloid J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2006.04.027","article-title":"Synthesis of Monodisperse Maghemite Nanoparticles by the Microemulsion Method","volume":"288","author":"Rivas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, S.S., Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F., Lucas, J., Valente, M.A., Soares, P.I.P., Lan\u00e7a, M.C., Vieira, T., Silva, J.C., Borges, J.P., and Jinga, L.I. (2021). Nanostructured LiFe5O8 by a Biogenic Method for Applications from Electronics to Medicine. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010193"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167182","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5167182","article-title":"An Eco-Friendly Method of BaTiO3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Coconut Water","volume":"2018","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.3747","article-title":"Structural and Optical Properties of Europium- and Titanium-Doped Y2O3 Nanoparticles","volume":"35","author":"Manali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-6910-4","article-title":"Influence of Heat-Treatment Environment on Ni-Ferrite Nanoparticle Formation from Coconut Water Precursor","volume":"48","author":"Muniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2023.114126","article-title":"Nd3+ Doped Y2O3 Micro- and Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study on Temperature Sensing and Optical Heating Performance within the 1st Biological Window","volume":"142","author":"Laia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2018.04.004","article-title":"Particle Size Effect on Structural and Optical Properties of Y2O3:Nd3+ Nanoparticles Prepared by Coconut Water-Assisted Sol-Gel Route","volume":"200","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.43.5249","article-title":"Novel Route for the Preparation of Nanosized NiFe2O4 Powders","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.06.052","article-title":"Spectroscopy Studies of NiFe2O4 Nanosized Powders Obtained Using Coconut Water","volume":"485","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01482-y","article-title":"Niobium Oxide Prepared by Sol\u2013Gel Using Powder Coconut Water","volume":"30","author":"Lucas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700845","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700845","article-title":"Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, B., Carvalho, J., Gavinho, S., Vieira, T., Silva, J.C., Soares, P.I.P., Valente, M.A., Soreto, S., and Gra\u00e7a, M. (2024). Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Ferrite and Gadolinium Iron Garnet Composite for Biomagnetic Applications. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17122949"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regadas, J.S., Gavinho, S.R., Teixeira, S.S., de Jesus, J.V., P\u00e1dua, A.S., Silva, J.C., Devesa, S., and Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F. (2023). Influence of the Particle Size on the Electrical, Magnetic and Biological Properties of the Bioglass\u00ae Containing Iron Oxide. Magnetochemistry, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry9090209"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices (Standard No. ISO Standard 10993-5)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0375.2014v35n1p9","article-title":"Decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9rmica (TG-DTA) de Sais de Ferro [FeCl3.6H2O] e [Fe(NO3)3.9H2O] Com An\u00e1lise Morfol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica Do Produto Final","volume":"35","author":"Villalba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Ci\u00eancias Exatas E Tecnol\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10948-018-4939-6","article-title":"Recent Advances in Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs): Synthesis and Surface Modification for Biomedical Applications","volume":"32","author":"Noqta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Supercond. Nov. Magn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.01.005","article-title":"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Theranostic Applications","volume":"138","author":"Dadfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)19655-6","article-title":"Synthesis and Some Physical Properties of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Zidan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1154\/1.2179804","article-title":"R Factors in Rietveld Analysis: How Good Is Good Enough?","volume":"21","author":"Toby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Powder Diffr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095301","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/9\/095301","article-title":"Evolution of the Doping Regimes in the Al-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by a Polymer Precursor Method","volume":"27","author":"Coaquira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, D., Lim, M., Goos, J.A.C.M., Qiao, R., Ng, Y.Y., Mansfeld, F.M., Jackson, M., Davis, T.P., and Kavallaris, M. (2018). Biologically Targeted Magnetic Hyperthermia: Potential and Limitations. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00831"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0040","article-title":"Factors Relating to the Biodistribution & Clearance of Nanoparticles & Their Effects on in Vivo Application","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"7921273","article-title":"Shape Tuning of Magnetite Nanoparticles Obtained by Hydrothermal Synthesis: Effect of Temperature","volume":"2019","author":"Nava","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"37","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles By Sol-Gel Method","volume":"12","author":"Takai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanoelectron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8457383","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8457383","article-title":"A Short Review on Verwey Transition in Nanostructured Fe3O4 Materials","volume":"2019","author":"Bohra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024413","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.107.024413","article-title":"Laser-Driven First-Order Spin Reorientation and Verwey Phase Transitions in the Magnetite Fe3O4 beyond the Range of Thermodynamic Equilibrium","volume":"107","author":"Kuzikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.09.238","article-title":"Temperature Effects on Magnetic Properties of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Sol-Gel Explosion-Assisted Method","volume":"773","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajan, A., Sharma, M., and Sahu, N.K. (2020). Assessing Magnetic and Inductive Thermal Properties of Various Surfactants Functionalised Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71703-6"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075710","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa5190","article-title":"External Magnetic Field Dependent Shift of Superparamagnetic Blocking Temperature Due to Core\/Surface Disordered Spin Interactions","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.03.015","article-title":"Synthesis of High Magnetization Hydrophilic Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles in Single Reaction\u2014Surfactantless Polyol Process","volume":"39","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.08.239","article-title":"Hybrid Hematite\/Calcium Ferrite Fibers by Solution Blow Spinning: Microstructural, Optical and Magnetic Characterization","volume":"47","author":"Araujo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2022.103847","article-title":"Magnetic Properties, Phase Evolution, Hollow Structure and Biomedical Application of Hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) and QUAIPH","volume":"33","author":"Tadic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, M.D., Tran, H.V., Xu, S., and Lee, T.R. (2021). Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: Structures, Synthesis, Magnetic Properties, Surface Functionalization, and Emerging Applications. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311301"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2014.10.135","article-title":"Electronic and Magnetic Structures of Fe3O4 Ferrimagnetic Investigated by First Principle, Mean Field and Series Expansions Calculations","volume":"378","author":"Masrour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012044","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1439\/1\/012044","article-title":"Specific Absorption Rate of Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Uniaxial Anisotropy","volume":"1439","author":"Usov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aafbff","article-title":"Aggregation Effects on the Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Colloids","volume":"30","author":"Moros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, J.P.F., Vieira, T., Silva, J.C., Soares, P.I.P., Ferreira, N.M., Amorim, C.O., Teixeira, S.S., and Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F. (2023). Potassium Ferrite for Biomedical Applications. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16103880"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NH00233B","article-title":"Fe3O4-Pd Janus Nanoparticles with Amplified Dual-Mode Hyperthermia and Enhanced ROS Generation for Breast Cancer Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/12\/1578\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:51:59Z","timestamp":1760115119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/12\/1578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16121578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}