{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T11:25:19Z","timestamp":1777116319095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia and Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["EXPL\/MED-QUI\/0815\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/MED-QUI\/0815\/2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"PT national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/MED-QUI\/0815\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/MED-QUI\/0815\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Obesity has reached pandemic proportions, with predictions suggesting that, by 2030, over 1.5 billion people will be affected. Pancreatic lipase (PL), the enzyme primarily responsible for the absorption of dietary lipids, presents a potential target for obesity management. However, while porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) is commonly used as the enzyme source for screening potential inhibitors, its effect on human pancreatic lipase (HPL) is rarely reported. This work aimed to screen the inhibitory effects of a library of flavonoids with different functional groups on the activity of PL from the human pancreas (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) and compare it to the effects of the porcine pancreas (type II, EC 3.1.1.3), establishing, whenever possible, a structure\u2013activity relationship. Methods: The inhibitory effects of a library of 48 flavonoids with different hydroxy, glycosyl, rutinosyl, galloyl, and extended alkyl groups were evaluated against PPL and HPL. The kinetic parameters and inhibitory mechanisms of the most active flavonoids were determined, and in silico docking studies of the more potent flavonoids were also performed, using the active site of HPL. Results\/Conclusions: Variations in enzyme catalytic activity were observed depending on the source of the enzyme. The inhibitory effect was particularly influenced by the presence of extended alkyl groups at the C-3 of the C-ring and the C2=C3 double bond of the C-ring and the presence of a pyrogallol group at the C-2\u2032, C-3\u2032 and C-4\u2032 of the B-ring. Docking results showed a strong correlation between docking scores and observed inhibitory activities, highlighting the critical role of specific substituents on the flavonoid backbone in enhancing detailed interaction dynamics with key amino acids. Compounds 28, 29, and 30, with alkyl groups, showed the highest docking scores, interacting with residues HIS151, PHE215, ARG256, and HIS263. Further analysis also revealed that specific substituents improved pocket occupancy and formed additional interactions with residues TYR114, PRO180, ILE209, and PHE215, which are crucial for inhibition. These binding characteristics closely mimic those observed with orlistat, reinforcing their mechanistic similarities in inhibiting HPL and validating their inhibitory activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Flavonoids as Potential Modulators of Pancreatic Lipase Catalytic Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV), Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV), Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alberto N.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV), Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9114-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV), Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Rufino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Aniceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV), Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3800-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3858-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-9181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita C.","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Qu\u00edmica Verde (LAQV), Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S102","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"129","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12551","article-title":"Obesity: A chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation","volume":"18","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8","article-title":"Obesity: Global epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60318-4","article-title":"Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: Collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies","volume":"373","author":"Collaboration","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"s176","article-title":"Obesity: Definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden","volume":"22","author":"Apovian","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJMC"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (2022). World Obesity Atlas 2022, World Obesity Federation. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/publications\/World-Obesity-Atlas-2022-updated.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (2023). World Obesity Atlas 2023, World Obesity Federation. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/resources\/resource-library\/world-obesity-atlas-2023."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engin, A. (2017). The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity and Lipotoxicity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48382-5"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for a Healthier World, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why should we do physical activity? More active people for a healthier world","volume":"1","author":"Demirci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Sports Heal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(1998). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wadden, T.A., and Bray, G.A. (2018). Handbook of Obesity Treatment, Guilford Publications."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(97)86003-X","article-title":"Inhibition of lipid absorption as an approach to the treatment of obesity","volume":"286","author":"Thomson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meth. Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.17.1.141","article-title":"Structure and function of pancreatic lipase and colipase","volume":"17","author":"Lowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20042","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)47215-3","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of human pancreatic lipase cDNA","volume":"264","author":"Lowe","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9084(88)90188-5","article-title":"Minireview on pancreatic lipase and colipase","volume":"70","author":"Chapus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(95)00071-J","article-title":"Kinetic behaviour of pancreatic lipase in five species using emulsions and monomolecular films of synthetic glycerides","volume":"1257","author":"Gargouri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(00)00033-0","article-title":"Egg yolk lipoproteins as substrates for lipases","volume":"1485","author":"Abousalham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell. Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.23.2873","article-title":"Effect of orlistat on weight and body composition in obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"293","author":"Chanoine","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.15605\/jafes.037.02.14","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for weight loss in obesity without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. ASEAN Fed. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012063","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/301\/1\/012063","article-title":"Review of the clinical effect of orlistat","volume":"301","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-004-0049-7","article-title":"Flavonoids in food and their health benefits","volume":"59","author":"Yao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6020","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6126020","article-title":"Resources and biological activities of natural polyphenols","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27533","article-title":"Flavonoids: A treasure house of prospective pharmacological potentials","volume":"10","author":"Hasnat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"727","article-title":"Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability","volume":"79","author":"Claudine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2022.015958","article-title":"The potential toxic side effects of flavonoids","volume":"46","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2023.2221731","article-title":"Methodologies for assessing pancreatic lipase catalytic activity: A review","volume":"54","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.06.019","article-title":"Modulation of human neutrophils\u2019 oxidative burst by flavonoids","volume":"67","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1071\/CH08162","article-title":"Synthesis of Novel 3-Alkyl-3\u2032, 4\u2032, 5, 7-Tetrahydroxyflavones","volume":"61","author":"Seixas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.04.057","article-title":"New polyhydroxylated flavon-3-ols and 3-hydroxy-2-styrylchromones: Synthesis and ROS\/RNS scavenging activities","volume":"119","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.144","article-title":"Phenolic profiles of 20 Canadian lentil cultivars and their contribution to antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on \u03b1-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.09.013","article-title":"Isolation of a novel catechin from Bergenia rhizomes that has pronounced lipase-inhibiting and antioxidative properties","volume":"82","author":"Ivanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.2c00392","article-title":"Assessment of \u03b1-amylase activity in a microanalysis system: Experimental optimization and evaluation of type of inhibition","volume":"100","author":"Freitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-021-00390-w","article-title":"CAVIAR: A method for automatic cavity detection, description and decomposition into subcavities","volume":"35","author":"Marchand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","article-title":"AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New docking methods, expanded force field, and python bindings","volume":"61","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6177","DOI":"10.1021\/jm051256o","article-title":"Extra precision glide: Docking and scoring incorporating a model of hydrophobic enclosure for protein\u2013 ligand complexes","volume":"49","author":"Friesner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-021-00522-2","article-title":"GNINA 1.0: Molecular docking with deep learning","volume":"13","author":"McNutt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cheminf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W443","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv315","article-title":"PLIP: Fully automated protein\u2013ligand interaction profiler","volume":"43","author":"Salentin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00279","article-title":"BioPandas: Working with molecular structures in pandas DataFrames","volume":"2","author":"Raschka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.4.270.34882","article-title":"Orlistat, a new lipase inhibitor for the management of obesity","volume":"20","author":"Heck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2005.282","article-title":"Principles of physiology of lipid digestion","volume":"18","author":"Bauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1180","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1004","article-title":"The ChEMBL Database in 2023: A drug discovery platform spanning multiple bioactivity data types and time periods","volume":"52","author":"Zdrazil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"665","article-title":"Medical treatment of obesity: The past, the present and the future","volume":"28","author":"Bray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281361","article-title":"Long-term drug treatment for obesity: A systematic and clinical review","volume":"311","author":"Yanovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.-Y., Kim, C.S., Park, K.-M., and Chang, P.-S. (2019). Inhibitory characteristics of flavonol-3-O-glycosides from Polygonum aviculare L. (common knotgrass) against porcine pancreatic lipase. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54546-8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1021\/jf047814+","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of oolong tea polyphenols on pancreatic lipase in vitro","volume":"53","author":"Nakai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02967.x","article-title":"Polyphenols extracted from black tea (Camellia sinensis) residue by hot-compressed water and their inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro","volume":"77","author":"Yuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7152","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301047f","article-title":"Inhibition of gastrointestinal lipolysis by green tea, coffee, and gomchui (Ligularia fischeri) tea polyphenols during simulated digestion","volume":"60","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2012.08.017","article-title":"Utilization of integrated Michaelis\u2013Menten equations for enzyme inhibition diagnosis and determination of kinetic constants using Solver supplement of Microsoft Office Excel","volume":"109","author":"Bezerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"519","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of pancreatic lipase by polyphenols: A kinetic, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking study","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.05.017","article-title":"Mode of pancreatic lipase inhibition activity in vitro by some flavonoids and non-flavonoid polyphenols","volume":"75","author":"Rahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/2\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:11Z","timestamp":1759919771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/2\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17020163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]}}}