{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:55Z","timestamp":1760059195531,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq","award":["176655\/2023-9","#406436\/2022\u20133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["176655\/2023-9","#406436\/2022\u20133"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cutaneous melanoma is a potent neoplasm whose advancement is linked to catecholamine-induced angiogenesis through \u03b2-adrenergic receptors. Propranolol (PROP), a non-selective \u03b2-blocker, holds potential in oncology, but its systemic side effects restrict its viability. This study aims to nanoencapsulate PROP in Eudragit RL\u00ae100 polymeric nanocapsules for topical melanoma treatment. Methods: Nanocapsules were created through interfacial deposition of preformed polymer and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, pH, drug content, and encapsulation efficiency. In vitro evaluations include release profile, antioxidant activity, bioadhesiveness, hemolysis, cytotoxicity, and antitumor effect on melanoma cells. Additionally, migration assays were conducted. Results: The nanocapsules displayed an acidic pH, an average size of 151 nm, and a positive zeta potential. An encapsulation efficiency of 81% was achieved, even with the hydrochloride form of the drug. The release profile exhibited sustained release of PROP, showcasing enhanced antioxidant activity in the nanoencapsulated form. The formulations also exhibited significant bioadhesion with mucin and an in vitro hemolysis rate over 50%, attributed to the cationic polymer and surfactants present. Moreover, in the cell viability assays, the NC-PROP formulations significantly reduced melanoma cell viability. In the migration assay, both the nanocapsules with and without the drug significantly inhibited cell migration, supporting the potential therapeutic benefits of these formulations. Conclusions: The nanoencapsulation of PROP in Eudragit RL\u00ae100 presents a viable strategy for topical treatment of cutaneous melanoma, enhancing release duration and reducing systemic effects. The assessments indicated distinct physical properties and substantial therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T07:46:26Z","timestamp":1748504786000},"page":"718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioadhesive Eudragit RL\u00ae100 Nanocapsules for Melanoma Therapy: A Repurposing Strategy for Propranolol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6426-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi Gerzvolf","family":"Mieres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7008-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia de Oliveira","family":"Simi\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Luiza Stolz","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Cirillo de","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Najeh Maissar","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Nanostructured Systems Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5144-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Sartori","family":"Bonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1726-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiane Gomes de Moraes","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9913-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel Henrique Marcondes","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Pontarolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Edison Luna","family":"Lazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9ssica Brand\u00e3o","family":"Reolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Mota","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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