{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:32:00Z","timestamp":1772753520082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00645\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00645\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00645\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00645\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u00e3o para a Ciencia e Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EXMceuticals Portugal Lda"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Skin diseases of inflammatory origin, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and acne, have a substantial prevalence in the world population. Natural products are particularly important at a topical level. Essential oils are examples of natural products and thyme in particular has been used for medicinal purposes due to its biological properties. Objectives: The aim of present work was to study the anti-inflammatory potential of Thymus mastichina essential oil, focusing on purified terpene-rich fractions. whose major compounds were thymol and linalool, eucalyptol and \u03b1-terpineol, and \u03b3-terpinene and terpinolene, respectively. Additionally, a phytocannabinoid formulation containing cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) was evaluated to explore potential synergistic effects. Methods:\u00a0Thymus mastichina essential oil was extracted and purified to obtain terpene-enriched fractions, which were used to develop three distinct formulations. These were screened for antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and assessed for cytotoxicity in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated via gene expression. Selected thyme formulations\u2014alone or in combination with CBD\/CBG\u2014were also tested in vivo using a mouse model of acute skin inflammation. Results: The antioxidant activity of the three formulations showed a reduction in DPPH radicals. In addition, the formulations demonstrated to be safe in vitro in the human keratinocyte cell model HaCaT. Under PMA-induced inflammatory stress, the fractions modulated-inflammatory gene expression to varying degrees While terpene fractions alone showed moderate activity, their combination with CBD\/CBG enhanced the anti-inflammatory response. In vivo, the gel formulations reduced oedema in a mouse model of acute inflammation. Conclusions: The data support the safe and effective use of Thymus mastichina-derived terpene fractions for topical anti-inflammatory applications. The synergistic effect observed with CBD and CBG suggests that combining essential oil terpenes with phytocannabinoids may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for managing inflammatory skin disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17101291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"1291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Valorization of Thyme Combined with Phytocannabinoids as Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Skin Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Hermosilha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D&I Department, EXMceuticals Portugal Lda, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D&I Department, EXMceuticals Portugal Lda, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7232-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Melosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D&I Department, EXMceuticals Portugal Lda, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Serro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Pinto","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D&I Department, EXMceuticals Portugal Lda, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, A.H., Prazeres, I., Mestre, H., Bento-Silva, A., Rodrigues, M.J., Duarte, N., Serra, A.T., Bronze, M.R., Rijo, P., and Gaspar, M.M. (2021). A Newfangled Collagenase Inhibitor Topical Formulation Based on Ethosomes with Sambucus nigra L.. Extr. 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