{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:21Z","timestamp":1760145141507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER- 070365","101096909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER- 070365","101096909"]}]},{"name":"European Commission","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER- 070365","101096909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER- 070365","101096909"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photonics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photonic integrated circuits (PIC) devices are impacted by fabrication tolerances and therefore, prior knowledge of such variations could improve the PIC fabrication process and overall yield. This paper presents a method for predicting the fabrication impacts on a telecommunication optical digital to analog converter (oDAC)-based pulse amplitude modulator level four (PAM-4) transmitter as a case study where the certainty of this passive device is subjected to random variation. Our findings allow us to estimate the production yield in a fabrication scenario using the symbol error rate (SER) benchmark and this contributes to the study of the viability of oDAC PAM-4 transmitters to replace conventional electrical digital to analog converter (eDAC) PAM-4 transmitters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics11070589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T08:42:03Z","timestamp":1719218523000},"page":"589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fabrication Tolerances\u2019 Impact on an ODAC-Based PAM-4 Transmitter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8410-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adebayo E.","family":"Abejide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"PICAdvanced, PCI-Creative, Science Park, Edificio Central, 3830-352 Ilhavo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3347-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"PICAdvanced, PCI-Creative, Science Park, Edificio Central, 3830-352 Ilhavo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tanay","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solar Division, Bidyut Unnayan Bhaban, The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited, Kolkata 700106, India"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PICAdvanced, PCI-Creative, Science Park, Edificio Central, 3830-352 Ilhavo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0636-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"PICAdvanced, PCI-Creative, Science Park, Edificio Central, 3830-352 Ilhavo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3168294","article-title":"Bidirectional symmetrical 100 Gb\/s\/\u03bb coherent PON using a simplified ONU transceiver","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. 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