{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:11:57Z","timestamp":1760242317702,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon2020 - Voxel","award":["665207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["665207"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015668","name":"LASERLAB-Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["284464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["284464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COST Action","award":["MP1203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MP1203"]}]},{"name":"Euroatom","award":["633053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photonics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The creation of high energy density plasma states produced during laser\u2013solid interaction on a sub-picosecond timescale opens a way to create astrophysical plasmas in the lab to investigate their properties, such as the frequency-dependent refractive index. Available probes to measure absorption and phase-changes given by the complex refractive index of the plasma state are extreme-UV (EUV) and soft X-ray (XUV) ultra-short pulses from high harmonic generation (HHG). For demanding imaging applications such as single-shot measurements of solid density plasmas, the HHG probe has to be optimized in photon number and characterized in intensity and wavefront stability from shot-to-shot. In an experiment, a coherent EUV source based on HHG driven by a compact diode-pumped laser is optimized in photons per pulse for argon and xenon, and the shot-to-shot intensity stability and wavefront changes are characterized. The experimental results are compared to an analytical model estimating the HHG yield, showing good agreement. The obtained values are compared to available data for solid density plasmas to confirm the feasibility of HHG as a probe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics4020025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T09:49:54Z","timestamp":1490867394000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimization and Characterization of High-Harmonic Generation for Probing Solid Density Plasmas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jayanath","family":"Koliyadu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Appliqu\u00e9e, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639, 828 boulevard des Mar\u00e9chaux, 91128 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Swen","family":"K\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wodzinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Keitel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Jo\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Hariton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Galletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Zeitoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Appliqu\u00e9e, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639, 828 boulevard des Mar\u00e9chaux, 91128 Palaiseau, France"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Pl\u00f6njes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263034602202293","article-title":"Plasma-based studies with intense X-ray and particle beam sources","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Laser Part. 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