{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:01:02Z","timestamp":1760241662819,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]],"date-time":"2018-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photonics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A silica resonator was demonstrated for random laser generation. The resonator consisted of a conventional microsphere fabricated in an optical fiber tip through electric arc discharge, and modifications to its geometry were carried out to create asymmetry inside the silica structure. The resulting Bunimovich stadium-like microsphere promotes multiple reflections with the boundaries, following the stochastic properties of dynamic billiards. The interference of the multiple scattered beams generates a random signal whose intensity was increased by sputter-coating the microstadium with a gold thin film. The random signal is amplified using an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) in a ring cavity configuration with feedback, and lasing is identified as temporal and spectral random variations of the signal between consecutive measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics5030017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T08:45:42Z","timestamp":1531903542000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bunimovich Stadium-Like Resonator for Randomized Fiber Laser Operation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8549-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-TEC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPHT\u2014Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3512-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-TEC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IPHT\u2014Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHT\u2014Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Schneidewind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHT\u2014Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Fraz\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-TEC and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Generation of light by a scattering medium with negative resonance absorption","volume":"53","author":"Letokhov","year":"1968","journal-title":"Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.3.000088","article-title":"Modes of random lasers","volume":"3","author":"Andreasen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys971","article-title":"The physics and applications of random lasers","volume":"4","author":"Wiersma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10497","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4470\/38\/49\/004","article-title":"Review on latest developments in random lasers with coherent feedback","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. A Math. Gen."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.002031","article-title":"Optical sensors using chaotic correlation fiber loop ring down","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2014.02.011","article-title":"Random distributed feedback fibre lasers","volume":"542","author":"Turitsyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.7.000516","article-title":"Recent advances in fundamentals and applications of random fiber lasers","volume":"7","author":"Churkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04275","article-title":"Chaos-based communications at high bit rates using commercial fibre-optic links","volume":"438","author":"Argyris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.227","article-title":"Fast physical random bit generation with chaotic semiconductor lasers","volume":"2","author":"Uchida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.003404","article-title":"Spatial coherence of random laser emission","volume":"36","author":"Redding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.90","article-title":"Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination","volume":"6","author":"Redding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045805","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-2011\/12\/4\/045805","article-title":"Random laser in biological tissues impregnated with a fluorescent anticancer drug","volume":"12","author":"Lahoz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"281","article-title":"Luminescence and stimulated emission of neodymium in sodium lanthanum molybdate powders","volume":"16","author":"Markushev","year":"1986","journal-title":"Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.82.2278","article-title":"Random laser action in semiconductor powder","volume":"82","author":"Cao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2614","article-title":"A cold-atom random laser","volume":"9","author":"Baudouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.014102","article-title":"Light scarring in an optical fiber","volume":"88","author":"Doya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.000395","article-title":"Single-mode Er-doped fiber random laser with distributed Bragg grating feedback","volume":"17","author":"Puente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2167397","article-title":"Gain amplification and lasing properties of individual organic nanofibers","volume":"88","author":"Quochi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01197884","article-title":"On the ergodic properties of nowhere dispersing billiards","volume":"65","author":"Bunimovich","year":"1979","journal-title":"Commun. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033807","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.77.033807","article-title":"Light emission patterns from stadium-shaped semiconductor microcavity lasers","volume":"77","author":"Shinohara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.033903","article-title":"Observation of Scarred Modes in Asymmetrically Deformed Microcylinder Lasers","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.21.000923","article-title":"Dramatic shape sensitivity of directional emission patterns from similarly deformed cylindrical polymer lasers","volume":"21","author":"Schwefel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.28.000408","article-title":"Quasi-stadium laser diodes with an unstable resonator condition","volume":"28","author":"Fukushima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2004.836003","article-title":"Stadium and quasi-stadium laser diodes","volume":"10","author":"Fukushima","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1605792","article-title":"Unidirectional lasing from InGaN multiple-quantum-well spiral-shaped micropillars","volume":"83","author":"Chern","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.73.031802","article-title":"Unidirectional light emission from high-Q modes in optical microcavities","volume":"73","author":"Wiersig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.033901","article-title":"Combining directional light output and ultralow loss in deformed microdisks","volume":"100","author":"Wiersig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.002758","article-title":"Unidirectional lasing from a microcavity with a rounded isoceles triangle shape","volume":"29","author":"Kurdoglyan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13651","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.013651","article-title":"Directional single mode emission in a microcavity laser","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2535692","article-title":"Control of lasing in fully chaotic open microcavities by tailoring the shape factor","volume":"90","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251115","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2825470","article-title":"Microstadium single-nanowire laser","volume":"91","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16792","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16792","article-title":"The glassy random laser: Replica symmetry breaking in the intensity fluctuations of emission spectra","volume":"5","author":"Antenucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Photonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6732\/5\/3\/17\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:12:35Z","timestamp":1760195555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-6732\/5\/3\/17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["photonics5030017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/photonics5030017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-6732"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-6732"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,17]]}}}