{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1775608862064,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MB4Aqua: Macroalgae biorefinery: a novel approach to produce sustainable feedstuffs and functional additives towards low carbon footprint aquafeeds","award":["reference 2022.06587.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["reference 2022.06587.PTDC"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.04809.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04809.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143614\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143614\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phycology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macroalgae have low nutrient bioavailability, often requiring pretreatments\u2014physical, chemical, or biological\u2014typically using low-solid loading hydrolysis, which produces separate liquid and solid phases. In contrast, high-solid loading hydrolysis offers a single-phase alternative, though it remains underexplored for macroalgae. This study evaluated the effectiveness of high-solid loading hydrolysis for breaking polysaccharides and increasing the availability of nutrients and antioxidant compounds in Codium tomentosum. Treatments using mixtures containing 25% dry biomass and 75% water or 0.5N and 1N NaOH, autoclaved for 30 or 60 min, were performed. Among the tested treatments, high-solid loading alkaline autoclaved treatment (1N NaOH, 60 min) was most effective in reducing neutral detergent fiber and enhancing the availability of bioactive compounds, particularly soluble proteins and phenols. Based on these results, a sequential enzymatic hydrolysis with Natugrain\u00ae at 0.2 and 0.4% was also applied to pre-treated C. tomentosum with water or 1N NaOH. Enzymatic hydrolysis after autoclaving had no major effect on fiber, soluble protein, or ash, but increased phenol levels. In conclusion, high-solid loading alkaline treatment (1N NaOH) followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with Natugrain\u00ae enzyme reduced fiber content and enhanced soluble protein and phenolic compounds, thereby improving the nutritional and functional potential of C. tomentosum for inclusion in animal feeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/phycology5040069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness of High-Solid Loading Treatments to Enhance Nutrient and Antioxidant Bioavailability in Codium tomentosum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Ramos-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMAR\/CIIMAR-Marine and Environmental Interdisciplinary Center, University of Porto, Porto de Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Oliva-Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMAR\/CIIMAR-Marine and Environmental Interdisciplinary Center, University of Porto, Porto de Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMAR\/CIIMAR-Marine and Environmental Interdisciplinary Center, University of Porto, Porto de Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. 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