{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:40:57Z","timestamp":1775608857511,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["2022.06587.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06587.PTDC"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.04809.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.04809.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143614\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143614\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phycology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macroalgae are increasingly recognized as a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds for animal nutrition, including for aquatic species. However, the complex structure of the macroalgal cell wall limits the accessibility of intracellular components, restricting their use in feeds. To overcome this limitation, macroalgal hydrolysis using various technological treatments has been tested, often employing a low solid-to-water ratio, which complicates downstream processing due to phase separation. In contrast, high-solids loading hydrolysis has the advantage of producing a single and consolidated fraction, simplifying subsequent processing and application. The present study assessed the effectiveness of high-solids loading water or alkaline (0.5 and 1N NaOH) autoclaving for 30 or 60 min, applied alone or followed by sequential enzymatic hydrolysis, using a xylanase-rich enzymatic complex aimed at promoting cell wall disruption and increasing the extractability of intracellular components in the red macroalga Palmaria palmata with minimal free water. The 1N NaOH treatment for 30 min decreased neutral and acid detergent fiber while increasing Folin\u2013Ciocalteu total phenolic content (GAE) (expressed as gallic acid equivalent) and the water-soluble protein fraction and decreased crude protein, indicating enhanced extractability of these components. Microscopic examination showed relatively mild structural changes on the surface of P. palmata after high-solids loading alkaline (1N NaOH) autoclaving for 30 min. Following alkaline or water treatment, the enzymatic complex hydrolysis further increased the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu total phenolic content (GAE), with minimal effects on NDF, ADF, or crude protein. Overall, these results showed that high-solids loading alkaline autoclaving, with or without subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, effectively disrupts P. palmata cell walls and induces substantial modifications while simplifying processing by avoiding phase separation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/phycology6010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T14:32:38Z","timestamp":1767882758000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Solids Processing of Palmaria palmata for Feed Applications: Effects of Alkaline Autoclaving and Sequential Enzymatic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Ramos-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto de Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aires","family":"Oliva-Teles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto de Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2568-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto de Leix\u00f5es Cruise Terminal, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaq, M., and Dincer, I. (2024). 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