{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:28:06Z","timestamp":1774614486553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Council for Higher Education Program","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}]},{"name":"Council for Higher Education Program","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Council for Higher Education Program","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}]},{"name":"Council for Higher Education Program","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}]},{"name":"Council for Higher Education Program","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}]},{"name":"Council for Higher Education Program","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}]},{"name":"Field Of Focus II initiative at Heidelberg University","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}]},{"name":"Field Of Focus II initiative at Heidelberg University","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Field Of Focus II initiative at Heidelberg University","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}]},{"name":"Field Of Focus II initiative at Heidelberg University","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}]},{"name":"Field Of Focus II initiative at Heidelberg University","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}]},{"name":"Field Of Focus II initiative at Heidelberg University","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}]},{"name":"Research Training Group HighRR","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}]},{"name":"Research Training Group HighRR","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Training Group HighRR","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}]},{"name":"Research Training Group HighRR","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}]},{"name":"Research Training Group HighRR","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}]},{"name":"Research Training Group HighRR","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o ra a Ci\u00e8ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o ra a Ci\u00e8ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o ra a Ci\u00e8ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o ra a Ci\u00e8ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o ra a Ci\u00e8ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o ra a Ci\u00e8ncia e Tecnologia (FCT; Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"ETH Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSERC","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}]},{"name":"NSERC","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NSERC","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}]},{"name":"NSERC","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}]},{"name":"NSERC","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}]},{"name":"NSERC","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}]},{"name":"FWO-Vlaanderen","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["GRK 2058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2058"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04559\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["22-2 ETH-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-2 ETH-023"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["SAPIN-2022-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAPIN-2022-00019"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["C14\/22\/104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/22\/104"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["101088504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101088504"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We, the QUARTET Collaboration, propose an experiment to measure the nuclear charge radii of light elements with up to 20 times higher accuracy. These are essential both for understanding nuclear physics at low energies, and for experimental and theoretical applications in simple atomic systems. Such comparisons advance the understanding of bound-state quantum electrodynamics and are useful for searching for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The energy levels of muonic atoms are highly susceptible to nuclear structure, especially to the mean square charge radius. The radii of the lightest nuclei (with the atomic number, Z=1,2) have been determined with high accuracy using laser spectroscopy in muonic atoms, while those of medium mass and above were determined using X-ray spectroscopy with semiconductor detectors. In this communication, we present a new experiment, aiming to obtain precision measurements of the radii of light nuclei 3\u2264Z\u226410 using single-photon energy measurements with cryogenic microcalorimeters; a quantum-sensing technology capable of high efficiency with outstanding resolution for low-energy X-rays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/physics6010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T08:43:48Z","timestamp":1708505028000},"page":"206-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Towards Precision Muonic X-ray Measurements of Charge Radii of Light Nuclei"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0045-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Ohayon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Abeln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institut f\u00fcr Physik, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Bara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0456-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Elias","family":"Cocolios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0489-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ofir","family":"Eizenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Fleischmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institut f\u00fcr Physik, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7504-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Gastaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institut f\u00fcr Physik, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2892-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Le Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique\/Institut National de Physique Nucl\u00e9aire et de Physique des Particules (CNRS\/IN2P3), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8723-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Heines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hengstler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institut f\u00fcr Physik, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Hupin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique\/Institut National de Physique Nucl\u00e9aire et de Physique des Particules (CNRS\/IN2P3), Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4668-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Indelicato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, L\u2019\u00c9cole-Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ENS-PSL) Research University, Coll\u00e8ge de France, Case 74, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1720-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Kirch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3767-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Knecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9291-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kreuzberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institut f\u00fcr Physik, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2892-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6535-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Navratil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4469-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, CNRS, L\u2019\u00c9cole-Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ENS-PSL) Research University, Coll\u00e8ge de France, Case 74, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6435-659X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randolf","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Physik, QUANTUM, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8204-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirchhoff Institut f\u00fcr Physik, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4239-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergiani Marina","family":"Vogiatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2671-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina von","family":"Schoeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9343-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"Wauters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ns.19.120169.002523","article-title":"Muonic atoms and nuclear structure","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4916(79)90300-2","article-title":"Nuclear finite-size effects in light muonic atoms","volume":"122","author":"Friar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karshenboim, S.G., and Smirnov, V.B. (2003). Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b13865"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.08.008","article-title":"Precision physics of simple atoms: QED tests, nuclear structure and fundamental constants","volume":"422","author":"Karshenboim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012009","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1138\/1\/012009","article-title":"Measurement of the proton Zemach radius from the hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen atom","volume":"1138","author":"Kanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/s10050-020-00195-9","article-title":"The FAMU experiment: Muonic hydrogen high precision spectroscopy studies","volume":"56","author":"Pizzolotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Antognini, A., Bacca, S., Fleischmann, A., Gastaldo, L., Hagelstein, F., Indelicato, P., Knecht, A., Lensky, V., Ohayon, B., and Pascalutsa, V. (2022). Muonic-atom spectroscopy and impact on nuclear structure and precision QED theory. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Eides, M.I., Grotch, H., and Shelyuto, V.A. (2007). Theory of Light Hydrogenic Bound States, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2022.137575","article-title":"Precision calculation of the recoil\u2013finite-size correction for the hyperfine splitting in muonic and electronic hydrogen","volume":"835","author":"Antognini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220406","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.220406","article-title":"Precision physics of simple atoms and constraints on a light boson with ultraweak coupling","volume":"104","author":"Karshenboim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.153001","article-title":"Proton size anomaly","volume":"106","author":"Barger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115008","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.98.115008","article-title":"Axion-modified photon propagator, Coulomb potential, and Lamb shift","volume":"98","author":"Golub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.96.115002","article-title":"Probing new spin-independent interactions through precision spectroscopy in atoms with few electrons","volume":"96","author":"Delaunay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.97.042502","article-title":"Atomic physics constraints on the X boson","volume":"97","author":"Jentschura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073004","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.90.073004","article-title":"Constraints on muon-specific dark forces","volume":"90","author":"Karshenboim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"002","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP05(2022)002","article-title":"Muonic vs electronic dark forces: A complete EFT treatment for atomic spectroscopy","volume":"2022","author":"Claudia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. High Energy Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-640X(74)80003-3","article-title":"Charge-distribution parameters, isotope shifts, isomer shifts, and magnetic hyperfine constants from muonic atoms","volume":"14","author":"Engfer","year":"1974","journal-title":"At. Data Nucl. Data Tables"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/adnd.1995.1007","article-title":"Nuclear ground state charge radii from electromagnetic interactions","volume":"60","author":"Fricke","year":"1995","journal-title":"At. Data Nucl. Data Tables"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/i2012-12151-1","article-title":"The size of the proton: Closing in on the radius puzzle","volume":"48","author":"Lorenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nucl-102212-170627","article-title":"Muonic hydrogen and the proton radius puzzle","volume":"63","author":"Pohl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2015.01.002","article-title":"The proton radius puzzle","volume":"82","author":"Carlson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.12.012","article-title":"The proton radius: From a puzzle to precision","volume":"65","author":"Hammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2021.103901","article-title":"The proton radius (puzzle?) and its relatives","volume":"121","author":"Peset","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012017","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2391\/1\/012017","article-title":"Proton radius: A puzzle or a solution!?","volume":"2391","author":"Jentschura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012006","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2586\/1\/012006","article-title":"The proton radius and its relatives\u2014much ado about nothing?","volume":"2586","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025010","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.93.025010","article-title":"CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018","volume":"93","author":"Tiesinga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1230016","article-title":"Proton structure from the measurement of 2S-2P transition frequencies of muonic hydrogen","volume":"339","author":"Antognini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pachucki, K., Lensky, V., Hagelstein, F., Li Muli, S.S., Bacca, S., and Pohl, R. (2022). Comprehensive theory of the Lamb shift in light muonic atoms. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062511","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.97.062511","article-title":"Three-photon-exchange nuclear structure correction in hydrogenic systems","volume":"97","author":"Pachucki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.233001","article-title":"Precision measurement of the hydrogen-deuterium 1S \u2212 2S isotope shift","volume":"104","author":"Parthey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Schuhmann, K.; et al. [The CREMA Collaboration] (2023). The helion charge radius from laser spectroscopy of muonic helium-3 ions. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03183-1","article-title":"Measuring the \u03b1-particle charge radius with muonic helium-4 ions","volume":"589","author":"Krauth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.162.992","article-title":"Elastic electron scattering from Li6 and Li7","volume":"162","author":"Suelzle","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.5.391","article-title":"Elastic electron scattering from 6Li and 7Li at low momentum transfer","volume":"5","author":"Bumiller","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(71)90257-0","article-title":"High-energy electron scattering from 6Li","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024307","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.84.024307","article-title":"Charge radii and ground state structure of lithium isotopes: Experiment and theory reexamined","volume":"84","author":"Neff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012516","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.83.012516","article-title":"Isotope-shift measurements of stable and short-lived lithium isotopes for nuclear-charge-radii determination","volume":"83","author":"Ewald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(72)90062-0","article-title":"Nuclear charge radii of 12C and 9Be","volume":"188","author":"Jansen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.182501","article-title":"Nuclear charge radii of 10,11B","volume":"122","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(80)90543-2","article-title":"Proton radii determinations from the ratio of \u03c0+ elastic scattering from 11B and 12C","volume":"97","author":"Barnett","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(84)90101-5","article-title":"Precision measurement of the 2p-1s transition in muonic 12C: Search for new muon-nucleon interactions or accurate determination of the rms nuclear charge radius","volume":"430","author":"Ruckstuhl","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(85)90106-X","article-title":"Precision measurement of the 2p-1s transition wavelength in muonic 13C","volume":"444","author":"Aas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.81.1773","article-title":"Modern theory of nuclear forces","volume":"81","author":"Epelbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00379","article-title":"A Guided tour of ab initio nuclear many-body theory","volume":"8","author":"Hergert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2016.04.021","article-title":"3He(\u03b1,\u03b3)7Be and 3H(\u03b1,\u03b3)7Li astrophysical S factors from the no-core shell model with continuum","volume":"757","author":"Quaglioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053002","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/91\/5\/053002","article-title":"Unified ab initio approaches to nuclear structure and reactions","volume":"91","author":"Quaglioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.100.024304","article-title":"7Be and 7Li nuclei within the no-core shell model with continuum","volume":"100","author":"Vorabbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L061302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.105.L061302","article-title":"Robust ab initio prediction of nuclear electric quadrupole observables by scaling to the charge radius","volume":"105","author":"Caprio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.113002","article-title":"Nuclear charge radii of 8,9Li determined by laser spectroscopy","volume":"93","author":"Ewald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.033002","article-title":"Nuclear charge radii of 9,11Li: The influence of halo neutrons","volume":"96","author":"Ewald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.062503","article-title":"Nuclear charge radii of 7,9,10Be and the one-neutron halo nucleus 11Be","volume":"102","author":"Tiedemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.122502","article-title":"Mirror charge radii and the neutron equation of state","volume":"119","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022035","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.2.022035","article-title":"Implications of the 36Ca\u201336S and 38Ca\u201338Ar difference in mirror charge radii on the neutron matter equation of state","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.182503","article-title":"Charge radius of neutron-deficient 54Ni and symmetry energy constraints using the difference in mirror pair charge radii","volume":"127","author":"Pineda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L061306","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.106.L061306","article-title":"Isospin symmetry breaking in the charge radius difference of mirror nuclei","volume":"106","author":"Naito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L021301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.105.L021301","article-title":"Information content of the differences in the charge radii of mirror nuclei","volume":"105","author":"Reinhard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.108.015802","article-title":"Correlations between charge radii differences of mirror nuclei and stellar observables","volume":"108","author":"Bano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014314","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.97.014314","article-title":"Difference in proton radii of mirror nuclei as a possible surrogate for the neutron skin","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysa.2020.122061","article-title":"Proton and neutron skins and symmetry energy of mirror nuclei","volume":"1004","author":"Gaidarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.130.032501","article-title":"Trends of neutron skins and radii of mirror nuclei from first principles","volume":"130","author":"Novario","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10751-017-1399-5","article-title":"Towards laser spectroscopy of the proton-halo candidate boron-8","volume":"238","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022507","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.022507","article-title":"Theoretical energies of low-lying states of light helium-like ions","volume":"81","author":"Yerokhin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022815","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.106.022815","article-title":"QED calculations of energy levels of heliumlike ions with 5 \u2264 Z \u2264 30","volume":"106","author":"Yerokhin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012810","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.107.012810","article-title":"QED m\u03b17 effects for triplet states of heliumlike ions","volume":"107","author":"Yerokhin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.49.207","article-title":"Lamb shifts and hyperfine structure in 6Li+ and 7Li+: Theory and experiment","volume":"49","author":"Riis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.102.030801","article-title":"Probing atomic and nuclear properties with precision spectroscopy of fine and hyperfine structures in the 7Li+ ion","volume":"102","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.093001","article-title":"Ionization energy of the metastable 2 1S0 state of 4He from Rydberg-series extrapolation","volume":"127","author":"Clausen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.103001","article-title":"Imaging-assisted single-photon Doppler-free laser spectroscopy and the ionization energy of metastable triplet helium","volume":"131","author":"Clausen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Maa\u00df, B. (2020). Laser Spectroscopy of the Boron Isotopic Chain. [Ph.D. Thesis, TU Darmstadt]."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0010903","article-title":"A new Collinear Apparatus for Laser Spectroscopy and Applied Science (COALA)","volume":"91","author":"Geppert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohr, K., Bu\u00df, A., Andelkovic, Z., Hannen, V., Horst, M., Imgram, P., K\u00f6nig, K., Maa\u00df, B., N\u00f6rtersh\u00e4user, W., and Rausch, S. (2023). Collinear laser spectroscopy of helium-like 11B3+. Atoms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atoms11010011"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Imgram, P. (2023). High-Precision Laser Spectroscopy of Helium-like Carbon 12C4+. [Ph.D. Thesis, TU Darmstadt]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062809","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.108.062809","article-title":"Collinear laser spectroscopy of highly charged ions produced with an electron-beam ion source","volume":"108","author":"Imgram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.243001","article-title":"Collinear laser spectroscopy of 2 3S1 \u2192 2 3PJ transitions in helium-like 12C4+","volume":"131","author":"Imgram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04807-w","article-title":"Measurement of the bound-electron g-factor difference in coupled ions","volume":"606","author":"Sailer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1138\/1\/012010","article-title":"The next generation of laser spectroscopy experiments using light muonic atoms","volume":"1138","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012513","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.78.012513","article-title":"Hyperfine structure of Li and Be+","volume":"78","author":"Yerokhin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.103002","article-title":"Measurement of hyperfine structure and the Zemach radius in 6Li+ using optical Ramsey technique","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.108.052802","article-title":"Hyperfine splitting in 6,7Li+","volume":"108","author":"Pachucki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2023.138189","article-title":"Accurate determination of 6,7Li nuclear magnetic moments","volume":"846","author":"Pachucki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062505","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.062505","article-title":"Lamb shift in muonic ions of lithium, beryllium, and boron","volume":"94","author":"Krutov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150022","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217751X21500226","article-title":"Precision physics of muonic ions of lithium, beryllium and boron","volume":"36","author":"Dorokhov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"028","article-title":"Muonic lithium atoms: Nuclear structure corrections to the Lamb shift","volume":"3","author":"Poggialini","year":"2020","journal-title":"SciPost Phys. Proc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.203001","article-title":"Evidence against nuclear polarization as source of fine-structure anomalies in muonic atoms","volume":"128","author":"Valuev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2012.10.003","article-title":"Ab initio no core shell model","volume":"69","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.045.026","article-title":"An iteration method for the solution of the eigenvalue problem of linear differential and integral operators","volume":"45","author":"Lanczos","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4470\/7\/17\/006","article-title":"The inverse of a linear operator","volume":"7","author":"Haydock","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Phys. Math. Nucl. Gen."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.26.806","article-title":"Nuclear charge distribution and rms radius of 12C from absolute elastic electron scattering measurements","volume":"26","author":"Reuter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.22.2081","article-title":"Electronic K X-ray energies in heavy muonic atoms","volume":"22","author":"Schneuwly","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-583X(94)95275-2","article-title":"Exotic atoms and their electron shell","volume":"87","author":"Simons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4655(75)90054-5","article-title":"A multiconfiguration relativistic DIRAC-FOCK program","volume":"9","author":"Desclaux","year":"1975","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.17.1804","article-title":"Dirac-Fock method for muonic atoms: Transitions energies, wave functions, and charge densities","volume":"17","author":"Mallow","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.71.032501","article-title":"X-ray energies of circular transitions and electron screening in kaonic atoms","volume":"71","author":"Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012510","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.76.012510","article-title":"Relativistic calculations of pionic and kaonic atoms\u2019 hyperfine structure","volume":"76","author":"Trassinelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.87.022501","article-title":"Nonperturbative evaluation of some QED contributions to the muonic hydrogen n = 2 Lamb shift and hyperfine structure","volume":"87","author":"Indelicato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-5582(67)90003-X","article-title":"Measurement and analysis of muonic X-ray spectra in deformed nuclei","volume":"87","author":"Backenstoss","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(67)90295-X","article-title":"The influence of nuclear dynamics on the X-ray spectrum of muonic atoms","volume":"24","author":"Pieper","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"205","article-title":"Isotope effects in the nuclear charge distribution in zinc","volume":"384","author":"Foot","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Engin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043142","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.5.043142","article-title":"All-optical differential radii in zinc","volume":"5","author":"Sahoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"\u00c7avu\u015fo\u01e7lu, A., and Sikora, B. (2023). Impact of the nuclear charge distribution on the g-factors and ground state energies of bound muons. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.126.173001","article-title":"Testing quantum electrodynamics with exotic atoms","volume":"126","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6455\/ab42c9","article-title":"QED tests with highly charged ions","volume":"52","author":"Indelicato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Fricke, G., and Heilig, K. (2004). Nuclear Charge Radii, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012668316155","article-title":"X-ray spectroscopy at PSI","volume":"119","author":"Simons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.49.859","article-title":"High-precision muonic X-ray measurement of the rms charge radius of 12C with a crystal spectrometer","volume":"49","author":"Ruckstuhl","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enss, C. (2005). Cryogenic Particle Detection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b12169"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Unger, D., Abeln, A., Cocolios, T.E., Eizenberg, O., Enss, C., Fleischmann, A., Gastaldo, L., Godinho, C., Heines, M., and Hengstler, D. (2023). MMC array to study X-ray transitions in muonic atoms. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014054","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2015\/T166\/014054","article-title":"Towards FAIR: First measurements of metallic magnetic calorimeters for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy at GSI","volume":"T166","author":"Hengstler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P06006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/16\/06\/P06006","article-title":"High-resolution for IAXO: MMC-based X-ray detectors","volume":"16","author":"Unger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022","DOI":"10.21468\/SciPostPhysProc.5.022","article-title":"The muX project","volume":"5","author":"Wauters","year":"2021","journal-title":"SciPost Phys. Proc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10909-020-02406-5","article-title":"Metallic magnetic calorimeters for high-accuracy nuclear decay data","volume":"199","author":"Boyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Low Temp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.75.35","article-title":"X-ray transition energies: New approach to a comprehensive evaluation","volume":"75","author":"Deslattes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6455\/ab45d6","article-title":"The molybdenum K-shell X-ray emission spectrum","volume":"52","author":"Mendenhall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108392","article-title":"Contemporary X-ray wavelength metrology and traceability","volume":"167","author":"Hudson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2016.06.025","article-title":"Measurement of the charged pion mass using X-ray spectroscopy of exotic atoms","volume":"759","author":"Trassinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.130.173001","article-title":"Proof-of-principle experiment for testing strong-field quantum electrodynamics with exotic atoms: High precision X-ray spectroscopy of muonic neon","volume":"130","author":"Okumura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240250","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2023.1240250","article-title":"Kaonic atoms at the DA\u03a6NE collider: A strangeness adventure","volume":"11","author":"Curceanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Phys."}],"container-title":["Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8174\/6\/1\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:01:17Z","timestamp":1760104877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8174\/6\/1\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["physics6010015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/physics6010015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-8174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-8174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]}}}