{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:41:05Z","timestamp":1771569665898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) on post-training recovery in Kung Fu athletes. Methods: In a 3-week crossover design, 16 Kung Fu athletes (22.00 \u00b1 5.95 years, 76.90 \u00b1 9.74 kg) were divided into two conditions: CWI and passive recovery as a control (CON) measure. Through the study, muscle damage markers (creatine kinase [CK], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), physical performance tests (upper limbs power, SJ and CMJ), skin temperature (from lower and upper limbs), and skin temperature asymmetries were measured. Results: CWI resulted in a higher reduction of CK concentration than CON 24 h after the intervention (\u221221.32%; p &lt; 0.001). The SJ height 24 h after the intervention was higher in the CWI than in the CON (p &lt; 0.001). Both CWI and CON resulted in skin temperature returning to baseline levels 24 h after intervention. Conclusions: CWI was effective in restoring muscle power, reducing muscle damage and reducing body temperature (BT) in Kung Fu athletes. Cold water recovery showed better muscle power and strength 24 and 48 h after training when compared to the passive method. CK and skin temperature were better 24 h after cold water recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/physiologia5030021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:11:04Z","timestamp":1751429464000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Cold-Water Immersion on Muscle Damage Markers, Physical Performance, and Skin Temperature of Kung Fu Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Gilvandro Oliveira","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7378-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe J.","family":"Aidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Physiology Science, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Fabricio de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9678-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro Jos\u00e9","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"M\u00e9ndez-delCanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jymmys Lopes","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Movement Science, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Francisco","family":"Almeida-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Maca\u00edba 59280-000, RN, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9966-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breno Guilherme de Ara\u00fajo Tinoco","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Maca\u00edba 59280-000, RN, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8105-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Domingos","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development\u2014CIDESD, Tras os Montes e Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Machado","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development\u2014CIDESD, Tras os Montes e Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolland van den","family":"Tillaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Nord 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