{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T21:51:21Z","timestamp":1777758681870,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["823860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["823860"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that pose a great concern in the aquatic environments related to contamination and poisoning of wild life and humans. Some species of cyanobacteria produce potent toxins such as microcystins (MCs), which are extremely aggressive to several organisms, including animals and humans. In order to protect human health and prevent human exposure to this type of organisms and toxins, regulatory limits for MCs in drinking water have been established in most countries. In this regard, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed 1 \u00b5g MCs\/L as the highest acceptable concentration in drinking water. However, regulatory limits were not defined in waters used in other applications\/activities, constituting a potential threat to the environment and to human health. Indeed, water contaminated with MCs or other cyanotoxins is recurrently used in agriculture and for crop and food production. Several deleterious effects of MCs including a decrease in growth, tissue necrosis, inhibition of photosynthesis and metabolic changes have been reported in plants leading to the impairment of crop productivity and economic loss. Studies have also revealed significant accumulation of MCs in edible tissues and plant organs, which raise concerns related to food safety. This work aims to systematize and analyze the information generated by previous scientific studies, namely on the phytotoxicity and the impact of MCs especially on growth, photosynthesis and productivity of agricultural plants. Morphological and physiological parameters of agronomic interest are overviewed in detail in this work, with the aim to evaluate the putative impact of MCs under field conditions. Finally, concentration-dependent effects are highlighted, as these can assist in future guidelines for irrigation waters and establish regulatory limits for MCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10040639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1616969341000},"page":"639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Impacts of Microcystins on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Agricultural Plants: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"El Mahdi","family":"Redouane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ESS-P.Porto, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e9","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7554-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Loss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"M\u00e1th\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6295-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brahim","family":"Oudra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre,  4069-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1913-6","article-title":"Cyanotoxins: Producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation","volume":"91","author":"Buratti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. 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