{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:05:17Z","timestamp":1771459517914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-027980\/ PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/27980\/2017- \u201cFlowerCAST- Characterization of genetic and environmental determinants involved in reproductive development of Castanea sativa\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-027980\/ PTDC\/ASP-SIL\/27980\/2017- \u201cFlowerCAST- Characterization of genetic and environmental determinants involved in reproductive development of Castanea sativa\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sweet chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is one of the most significant Mediterranean tree species, being an important natural resource for the wood and fruit industries. It is a monoecious species, presenting unisexual male catkins and bisexual catkins, with the latter having distinct male and female flowers. Despite the importance of the sweet chestnut tree, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the determination of sexual organ identity. Thus, the study of how the different flowers of C. sativa develop is fundamental to understand the reproductive success of this species and the impact of flower phenology on its productivity. In this study, a C. sativa de novo transcriptome was assembled and the homologous genes to those of the ABCDE model for floral organ identity were identified. Expression analysis showed that the C. sativa B- and C-class genes are differentially expressed in the male flowers and female flowers. Yeast two-hybrid analysis also suggested that changes in the canonical ABCDE protein\u2013protein interactions may underlie the mechanisms necessary to the development of separate male and female flowers, as reported for the monoecious Fagaceae Quercus suber. The results here depicted constitute a step towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in unisexual flower development in C. sativa, also suggesting that the ABCDE model for flower organ identity may be molecularly conserved in the predominantly monoecious Fagaceae family.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Dynamics of Flower Development in Castanea sativa Mill."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Alhinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Jesus Nunes","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3184-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Rocheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"Morais-Cec\u00edlio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food\u2014Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1359-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gomes-Laranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade of Tr\u00e1s os Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3798-3154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00f3mulo","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9032-5690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela Ribeiro","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioISI\u2014Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1086\/283342","article-title":"A Model for the Evolution of Dioecy and Gynodioecy","volume":"112","author":"Charlesworth","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. 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