{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T05:06:55Z","timestamp":1775711215209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major crop worldwide, and it is highly susceptible to heat. In this work, grain production and composition were evaluated in Portuguese T. aestivum germplasm (landraces and commercial varieties), which was subjected to heat after anthesis (grain filling stage). Heat increased the test weight (TW) in Nab\u00e3o, Gr\u00e9cia and Restaura\u00e7\u00e3o, indicating an improved flour-yield potential. Mocho de Espiga Branca (MEB) and Transmontano (T94) showed higher thousand-kernel weight (TKW). Gentil Rosso presented increased soluble sugars, which are yeast substrates in the bread-making process. Ardila stood out for its protein increase under heat. Overall SDS was unaffected by higher temperature, but increased in T94, indicating a better dough elasticity for bread-making purposes. Under heat, lipid content was maintained in most genotypes, being endogenous fatty acids (FAs) key players in fresh bread quality. Lipid unsaturation, evaluated through the double bond index (DBI), also remained unaffected in most genotypes, suggesting a lower flour susceptibility to lipoperoxidation. In Gr\u00e9cia, heat promoted a higher abundance of monounsaturated oleic (C18:1) and polyunsaturated linoleic (C18:2) acids, which are essential fatty acids in the human diet. This work highlighted a great variability in most parameters both under control conditions or in response to heat during grain filling. Cluster analysis of traits revealed a lower susceptibility to heat during grain filling in Ardila, Restaura\u00e7\u00e3o, and Ruivo, in contrast to MEQ, which seems to be more differentially affected at this stage. Characterization and identification of more favorable features under adverse environments may be relevant for agronomic, industrial, or breeding purposes, in view of a better crop adaptation to changing climate and an improved crop sustainability in agricultural systems more prone to heat stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T01:43:27Z","timestamp":1643420607000},"page":"365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Grain Composition and Quality in Portuguese Triticum\u00a0aestivum Germplasm Subjected to Heat Stress after Anthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0650-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Scotti-Campos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Karliana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel P.","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Bagulho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Estrada Gil Vaz, Ap. 6, 7350-901 Elvas, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6554-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 N.","family":"Semedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1370-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Banco Portugu\u00eas de Germoplasma Vegetal, Quinta de S. Jos\u00e9, S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700-859 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8503-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando C.","family":"Lidon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Estrada Gil Vaz, Ap. 6, 7350-901 Elvas, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Benvindo","family":"Ma\u00e7\u00e3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., Estrada Gil Vaz, Ap. 6, 7350-901 Elvas, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12616","article-title":"Impact of wheat endogenous lipids on the quality of fresh bread: Key terms, concepts, and underlying mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Melis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. 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