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The present work aims to evaluate the physiological fitness improvement by PGPR in Halimione portulacoides under mild and severe salt stress. PGPR-inoculated plants showed improved energy use efficiencies, namely in terms of the trapped and electron transport energy fluxes, and reduced energy dissipation. Allied to this, under mild stress, inoculated plants exhibited a significant reduction of the Na and Cl root concentrations, accompanied by a significant increase in K and Ca leaf content. This ion profile reshaping was intrinsically connected with an increased leaf proline content in inoculated plants. Moreover, bioaugmented plants showed an increased photoprotection ability, through lutein and zeaxanthin leaf concentration increase, allowing plants to cope with potentially photoinhibition conditions. Reduced Na leaf uptake in inoculated plants, apparently reduced the oxidative stress degree as observed by the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity reduction. Additionally, a reduced lipid peroxidation degree was observed in inoculated plants, while compared to their non-inoculated counterparts. These results, point out an important role of bioaugmentation in promoting plant fitness and improving salt tolerance, with a great potential for applications in biosaline agriculture and salinized soil restoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11081055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T23:07:16Z","timestamp":1649891236000},"page":"1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bioaugmentation Improves Phytoprotection in Halimione portulacoides Exposed to Mild Salt Stress: Perspectives for Salinity Tolerance Improvement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carreiras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET\u2013Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ca\u00e7ador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET\u2013Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1914-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET\u2013Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lee, J.-Y., Marotzke, J., Nala, G., Cao, L., Corti, S., Dunne, J.P., Engelbrecht, F., Fisher, E., Fyfe, J.C., and Jones, C. 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