{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:21:59Z","timestamp":1777335719341,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PDR2020","award":["101-030727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101-030727"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grapes and wine are widely consumed in the world, yet their mineral content can be influenced by many factors such as the mineral composition of soils, viticulture practices and environmental conditions. In this context, considering the importance of Zn in the human physiology, the enrichment of Moscatel and Castel\u00e3o grapes (white and red variety, respectively) with this nutrient prompted this study; further assessment of tissue deposition and some implications for wine production. Using two foliar fertilizers (ZnO or ZnSO4, at 150, 450 and 900 g ha\u22121), decreases in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance occurred in both varieties, suggesting that the physiological threshold of Zn toxicity was reached without visible symptoms. Following foliar spraying with both fertilizers, the content of Zn in leaves of the Castel\u00e3o and Moscatel varieties showed higher values in all treatments relative to the control. Moreover, in grapes this tendency occurred only in Castel\u00e3o. Concerning Cu, Fe, Ca, K, S and P, some significant differences also happened in leaves and grapes among treatments. At harvest, the indexes of Zn enrichment in grapes increased between 2.14- and 8.38-fold and between 1.02- and 1.44-fold in Castel\u00e3o and Moscatel varieties, respectively. Zinc in the dried skin of Castel\u00e3o only increased with ZnO and ZnSO4 sprayed at 900 g ha\u22121 (ca. 2.71- and 1.5-fold relative to the control, respectively), but in Moscatel a clear accumulation trend could not be found. The dry weight of grapes ranged (in %) between 16 and 23 (but did not vary significantly among treatments of each variety or in each treatment between varieties), and total soluble solids (e.g., mainly soluble sugars and proteins) and color parameters showed some significant variations. Through winemaking, the contents of Zn increased in both varieties (1.34- and 3.57-fold, in Castel\u00e3o and Moscatel, respectively) and in all treatments, although non-significantly in Castel\u00e3o. It is concluded that, to increase the contents of Zn in grapes without reaching the threshold of toxicity, ZnO or ZnSO4 can be used for foliar spraying of Castel\u00e3o and Moscatel varieties until 900 g ha\u22121 and that winemaking augments the level of this nutrient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enrichment of Grapes with Zinc-Efficiency of Foliar Fertilization with ZnSO4 and ZnO and Implications on Winemaking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Daccak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando C.","family":"Lidon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Campos","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Carmo","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3944-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita F.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4210-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Coelho","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Laboratory, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505, Oeiras and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Laboratory, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505, Oeiras and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PlantStress & Biodiversity Laboratory, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, Av. Rep\u00fablica, 2784-505, Oeiras and Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6286-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta G.","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0650-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Scotti","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel P.","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6554-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 N.","family":"Semedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P. (INIAV), Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2625-5645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Almeida Garrett (ESEAG-COFAC), Avenida do Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7899-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Kullberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6293-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Galhano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7592-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Legoinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9352-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-9389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando H.","family":"Reboredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robson, A.D. 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