{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T23:12:55Z","timestamp":1774653175791,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PTDC\/AGR-FOR\/4218\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/AGR-FOR\/4218\/2012"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001 (IM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001 (IM)"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020 (CEF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020 (CEF)"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020 (GeoBioTec)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020 (GeoBioTec)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["PTDC\/AGR-FOR\/4218\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/AGR-FOR\/4218\/2012"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001 (IM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001 (IM)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020 (CEF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020 (CEF)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020 (GeoBioTec)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020 (GeoBioTec)"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call (CEEC Individual)","award":["PTDC\/AGR-FOR\/4218\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/AGR-FOR\/4218\/2012"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call (CEEC Individual)","award":["2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001 (IM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.01107.CEECIND\/CP1689\/CT0001 (IM)"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call (CEEC Individual)","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020 (CEF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020 (CEF)"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call (CEEC Individual)","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020 (GeoBioTec)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020 (GeoBioTec)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change and the accelerated rate of population growth are imposing a progressive degradation of natural ecosystems worldwide. In this context, the use of pioneer trees represents a powerful approach to reverse the situation. Among others, N2-fixing actinorhizal trees constitute important elements of plant communities and have been successfully used in land reclamation at a global scale. In this study, we have analyzed the transcriptome of the photosynthetic organs of Casuarina glauca (branchlets) to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance. For that, C. glauca plants supplied either with chemical nitrogen (KNO3+) or nodulated by Frankia (NOD+) were exposed to a gradient of salt concentrations (200, 400, and 600 mM NaCl) and RNA-Seq was performed. An average of ca. 25 million clean reads was obtained for each group of plants, corresponding to 86,202 unigenes. The patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) clearly separate two groups: (i) control- and 200 mM NaCl-treated plants, and (ii) 400 and 600 mM NaCl-treated plants. Additionally, although the number of total transcripts was relatively high in both plant groups, the percentage of significant DEGs was very low, ranging from 6 (200 mM NaCl\/NOD+) to 314 (600 mM NaCl\/KNO3+), mostly involving down-regulation. The vast majority of up-regulated genes was related to regulatory processes, reinforcing the hypothesis that some ecotypes of C. glauca have a strong stress-responsive system with an extensive set of constitutive defense mechanisms, complemented by a tight mechanism of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. The results suggest that the robustness of the stress response system in C. glauca is regulated by a limited number of genes that tightly regulate detoxification and protein\/enzyme stability, highlighting the complexity of the molecular interactions leading to salinity tolerance in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11212942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1667360204000},"page":"2942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Salt Stress Tolerance in Casuarina glauca: Insights from the Branchlets Transcriptome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c\u2013Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio S.","family":"Paulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c\u2013Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Sarjkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Facility, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India"}]},{"given":"Arnab","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Facility, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, India"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2693-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C.","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-6460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I.","family":"Ribeiro-Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EO151822","article-title":"A 50-Year-Old Global Warming Forecast That Still Holds Up","volume":"101","author":"Lapenis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eos"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00571-x","article-title":"Emissions: World has four times the work or one-third of the time","volume":"579","author":"Elzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12808-z","article-title":"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding","volume":"10","author":"Kulp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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