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sativa L.) production by flooding is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially methane. The high consumption of water, as well as the chemical and physical degradation caused by these traditional practices in rice soils, is promoting a decrease in rice production in the Mediterranean area. The aim of this study was to monitor GHG emissions and the net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) from rice produced with sprinkler irrigation techniques and also assess the impact of olive mill waste compost (C-OW) application and tillage on GHG emissions and the NECB. A field experiment for irrigated rice production was implemented by considering four different treatments: (1) tillage (T); (2) no tillage\u2014direct seeding techniques (DS); (3) application of C-OW followed by tillage (TC); and (4) application of C-OW followed by direct seeding (DSC). The C-OW was only applied in the first year at a dose of 80 Mg ha\u22121. GHG emissions were monitored over three years in these four treatments in order to estimate the direct (first year) and residual (third year) effects of such practices. The application of C-OW caused an increase of 1.85 times the emission of CO2-C in the TC-DSC compared to the T-DS in the first year. It is noteworthy that the TC treatment was the only one that maintained an emission of CO2-C that was 42% higher than T in the third year. Regardless of the treatments and year of the study, negative values for the cumulative CH4 were found, suggesting that under sprinkler irrigation, CH4 oxidation was the dominant process. A decrease in N2O emissions was observed under direct seeding relative to the tillage treatments, although without significant differences. Tillage resulted in an increase in the global warming potential (GWP) of up to 31% with respect to direct seeding management in the third year, as a consequence of the greater carbon oxidation caused by intensive tillage. DS presented a positive NECB in the accumulation of C in the soil; therefore, it provided a greater ecological benefit to the environment. Thus, under Mediterranean conditions, rice production through a sprinkler irrigation system in combination with direct seeding techniques may be a sustainable alternative for rice crops, reducing their GWP and resulting in a lower carbon footprint. However, the use of C-OW as an organic amendment could increase the GHG emissions from rice fields irrigated by sprinklers, especially under tillage conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11243454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T03:36:09Z","timestamp":1670816169000},"page":"3454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Combined Use of Olive Mill Waste Compost and Sprinkler Irrigation on GHG Emissions and Net Ecosystem Carbon Budget under Different Tillage Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2467-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Paulo","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pe\u00f1a Abades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra de C\u00e1ceres, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Albarr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Rato-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Elvas, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1837-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carm\u00e9n","family":"Mart\u00edn-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola, Facultad de Ciencias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Terr\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Producci\u00f3n Vegetal, Escuela de Ingenier\u00edas Agrarias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1098-8329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Andr\u00e9s","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola, Facultad de Ciencias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8862-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola, Facultad de Ciencias\u2014IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s\/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"PlFAOSTAT (2022, October 20). 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