{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:44:42Z","timestamp":1774381482027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["101025125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101025125"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["Portugal 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portugal 2020"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie action","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PID2019-105391GB-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["101025125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101025125"]}]},{"name":"PID2019-105391GB-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["Portugal 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portugal 2020"]}]},{"name":"PID2019-105391GB-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"]}]},{"name":"PID2019-105391GB-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PID2019-105391GB-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PID2019-105391GB-C21\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320","award":["101025125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101025125"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320","award":["Portugal 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portugal 2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["101025125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101025125"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["Portugal 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portugal 2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["101025125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101025125"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["Portugal 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portugal 2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 (CASBio)"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT-Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Encapsulation in agriculture today is practically focused on agrochemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or fertilizers to enhance the protective or nutritive aspects of the entrapped active ingredients. However, one of the most promising and environmentally friendly technologies, biostimulants, is hardly explored in this field. Encapsulation of biostimulants could indeed be an excellent means of counteracting the problems posed by their nature: they are easily biodegradable, and most of them run off through the soil, losing most of the compounds, thus becoming inaccessible to plants. In this respect, encapsulation seems to be a practical and profitable way to increase the stability and durability of biostimulants under field conditions. This review paper aims to provide researchers working on plant biostimulants with a quick overview of how to get started with encapsulation. Here we describe different techniques and offer protocols and suggestions for introduction to polymer science to improve the properties of biostimulants for future agricultural applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:26:25Z","timestamp":1671765985000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Encapsulation with Natural Polymers to Improve the Properties of Biostimulants in Agriculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"J\u00edm\u00e9nez-Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sarai","family":"Morales-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal Aplicada, Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Ecolog\u00eda y Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal-Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida, Astrof\u00edsico Francisco S\u00e1nchez s\/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Carr\u00ealo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Filipe Teixeira","family":"Ganan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla S. S.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP\/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c2. A.","family":"Pinheiro de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universit\u00e1rio da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, D.K., Mueller, N.D., West, P.C., and Foley, J.A. (2013). Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066428"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2048-7010-1-7","article-title":"Re-Orienting Crop Improvement for the Changing Climatic Conditions of the 21st Century","volume":"1","author":"Mba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0309-4","article-title":"Developing Naturally Stress-Resistant Crops for a Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575829","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.575829","article-title":"Pure Organic Active Compounds Against Abiotic Stress: A Biostimulant Overview","volume":"11","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Arias, D., Machado, F.J., Morales-Sierra, S., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, A., Herrera, A., Vald\u00e9s, F., Luis, J., and Borges, A. (2021). A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Osmoprotection by Biostimulants. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020363"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836702","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.836702","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Biostimulant Yield Effectiveness in Field Trials","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzoni, G., Cocetta, G., Prinsi, B., Ferrante, A., and Espen, L. (2022). Biostimulants on Crops: Their Impact under Abiotic Stress Conditions. Horticulturae, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae8030189"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, E., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Cortez, I., and Castro, I. (2022). The Role of Biostimulants as Alleviators of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Grapevine: A Review. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030396"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14391","article-title":"The Power of Seaweeds as Plant Biostimulants to Boost Crop Production under Abiotic Stress","volume":"45","author":"Karlova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac275","article-title":"Presence and Future of Plant Phenotyping Approaches in Biostimulant Research and Development","volume":"73","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.10.034","article-title":"Lettuce Plants Treated with L-Pyroglutamic Acid Increase Yield under Water Deficit Stress","volume":"158","author":"Luis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Arias, D., Hern\u00e1ndiz, A.E., Morales-Sierra, S., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, A.L., Garc\u00eda-Machado, F.J., Luis, J.C., and Borges, A.A. (2022). Applying Biostimulants to Combat Water Deficit in Crop Plants: Research and Debate. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030571"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ghorbanpour, M., and Wani, S.H. (2019). Chapter 11\u2014Nanoencapsulation of Agrochemicals, Fertilizers, and Pesticides for Improved Plant Production. Advances in Phytonanotechnology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sonawane, S.H., Bhanvase, B.A., and Sivakumar, M. (2020). 8\u2014A Review on Application of Encapsulation in Agricultural Processes. Encapsulation of Active Molecules and Their Delivery System, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101055","article-title":"Developing Nano-Delivery Systems for Agriculture and Food Applications with Nature-Derived Polymers","volume":"23","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-9750(98)00003-2","article-title":"Inoculants of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for Use in Agriculture","volume":"16","author":"Bashan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Thomas, S., and Volova, T.K.J. (2020). Polymer Formulations for Pesticide Release. Controlled Release of Pesticides for Sustainable Agriculture, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.10.003","article-title":"Controlled Release Fertilizer: A Review on Developments, Applications and Potential in Agriculture","volume":"339","author":"Vejan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7083","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02872","article-title":"Biostimulant Nanoencapsulation: The New Keystone To Fight Hunger","volume":"68","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medeiros, G.B., Lima, F.d.A., de Almeida, D.S., Guerra, V.G., and Aguiar, M.L. (2022). Modification and Functionalization of Fibers Formed by Electrospinning: A Review. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12090861"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramakrishna, S. (2005). An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/5894"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.03.002","article-title":"Electrospraying of Polymers with Therapeutic Molecules: State of the Art","volume":"37","author":"Bock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2019.1665118","article-title":"One-Step Microencapsulation and Spraying of Pesticide Formulations for Improved Adhesion and Sustained Release","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12489","DOI":"10.1021\/la701795y","article-title":"Preparation of Calcium Alginate Microgel Beads in an Electrodispersion Reactor Using an Internal Source of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5970","article-title":"Ionotropic Gelation Method in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles\/Microparticles for Biomedical Purposes","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"27","article-title":"A Review on Ionotropic Gelation Method: Novel Approach for Controlled Gastroretentive Gelispheres","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anani, J., Noby, H., Zkria, A., Yoshitake, T., and ElKady, M. (2022). Monothetic Analysis and Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Calcium Alginate Microcapsules Characteristics. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040709"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2017.03.019","article-title":"Enhanced Imaging of Lipid Rich Nanoparticles Embedded in Methylcellulose Films for Transmission Electron Microscopy Using Mixtures of Heavy Metals","volume":"99","author":"Asadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajihashemi, S., and Kazemi, S. (2022). The Potential of Foliar Application of Nano-Chitosan-Encapsulated Nano-Silicon Donor in Amelioration the Adverse Effect of Salinity in the Wheat Plant. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-022-03531-x"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43494-y","article-title":"Polymeric Nanoparticles as an Alternative for Application of Gibberellic Acid in Sustainable Agriculture: A Field Study","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300162j","article-title":"Insight on the Formation of Chitosan Nanoparticles through Ionotropic Gelation with Tripolyphosphate","volume":"9","author":"Koukaras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3109\/10611869808997892","article-title":"O\/W Lipid Emulsions for Parenteral Drug Delivery. IV. Changes in the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Highly Lipophilic Drug, Menatetrenone","volume":"6","author":"Sakaeda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Drug Target"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.04.006","article-title":"PH-Sensitive Microparticles Prepared by an Oil\/Water Emulsification Method Using n-Butanol","volume":"375","author":"Kietzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.07.028","article-title":"Water-in-Oil Emulsions Stabilized by Surfactants, Biopolymers and\/or Particles: A Review","volume":"104","author":"Zembyla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13416","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-021-06156-x","article-title":"Injectable Hydrogels with Two Different Rates of Drug Release Based on Pluronic\/Water System Filled with Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Microcapsules","volume":"56","author":"Delgado","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.03.015","article-title":"A Water-in-Oil-in-Oil-in-Water (W\/O\/O\/W) Method for Producing Drug-Releasing, Double-Walled Microspheres","volume":"374","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0710-3","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Release Study of BSA-Loaded Double-Walled Glucose-Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Microspheres","volume":"39","author":"Ansary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00287","article-title":"An Overview of Pickering Emulsions: Solid-Particle Materials, Classification, Morphology, and Applications","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"738","article-title":"Recent Advances on Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Diverse Edible Particles: Stability Mechanism and Applications","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112427","article-title":"Encapsulation of Bacillus Thuringiensis in an Inverse Pickering Emulsion for Pest Control Applications","volume":"213","author":"Yaakov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.134761","article-title":"Enhancing Pesticide Droplet Deposition through O\/W Pickering Emulsion: Synergistic Stabilization by Flower-like ZnO Particles and Polymer Emulsifier","volume":"434","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.05.016","article-title":"PH-Sensitive Microparticles for Oral Drug Delivery Based on Alginate\/Oligochitosan\/Eudragit(\u00ae) L100-55 \u201cSandwich\u201d Polyelectrolyte Complex","volume":"110","author":"Calija","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32466","article-title":"Development of New Chitosan\/Carrageenan Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"92","author":"Grenha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1021-4","article-title":"Investigation of Carrageenan Aerogel Microparticles as a Potential Drug Carrier","volume":"19","author":"Obaidat","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.09.023","article-title":"Gelatin as a Delivery Vehicle for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Molecules","volume":"109","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302285","article-title":"Suppression of Tumor Metastasis by NK4 Plasmid DNA Released from Cationized Gelatin","volume":"11","author":"Kushibiki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2012.2183004","article-title":"PLGA Micro and Nanoparticles Loaded Into Gelatin Scaffold for Controlled Drug Release","volume":"11","author":"Asghar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(01)00094-X","article-title":"Evaluation of Gelatin Microspheres for Nasal and Intramuscular Administrations of Salmon Calcitonin","volume":"13","author":"Morimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.12.58","article-title":"Coaxial Electrospray of Microparticles and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118399","article-title":"Sodium Alginate and Alginic Acid as Pharmaceutical Excipients for Tablet Formulation: Structure-Function Relationship","volume":"270","author":"Bataille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abka-Khajouei, R., Tounsi, L., Shahabi, N., Patel, A.K., Abdelkafi, S., and Michaud, P. (2022). Structures, Properties and Applications of Alginates. Mar Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20060364"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Cheng, J., and Ao, Q. (2021). Preparation of Alginate-Based Biomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19050264"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, F., and Yuan, R. (2020). Applications of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels in the Food Industry. Hydrogels Based on Natural Polymers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816421-1.00015-X"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141\u0119tocha, A., Miastkowska, M., and Sikora, E. (2022). Preparation and Characteristics of Alginate Microparticles for Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14183834"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.965773","article-title":"Alginate Gel Particles\u2013A Review of Production Techniques and Physical Properties","volume":"57","author":"Ching","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2014.03.009","article-title":"Preparation Methods of Alginate Nanoparticles","volume":"209","author":"Paques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1021\/bm060010d","article-title":"Effect of Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+ on Alginate Microbeads","volume":"7","author":"Donati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s001140100229","article-title":"Evaluation of the Use of Sr2+ in Alginate Immobilization of Cells","volume":"88","author":"Danielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Die Nat."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(95)00194-8","article-title":"Interactions of Calcium and Aluminium Ions with Alginate","volume":"30","author":"Gregor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00959A","article-title":"Iron(Iii)-Cross-Linked Alginate Hydrogels: A Critical Review","volume":"3","author":"Roquero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.121292","article-title":"Zinc Cross-Linked Hydroxamated Alginates for Pulsed Drug Release","volume":"3","author":"Raut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1081\/MC-120020160","article-title":"Controlled Delivery of Drugs from Alginate Matrix","volume":"43","author":"Shilpa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part C"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, M., Ribeiro, C., Mattoso, L., and Duran, N. (2015). Nanotechnology Applied in Agriculture: Controlled Release of Agrochemicals. Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14024-7"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.10.025","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and on Field Evaluation of Pesticide Loaded Sodium Alginate Nanoparticles","volume":"101","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-019-02752-5","article-title":"Controlled Release of Spirotetramat Using Starch\u2013Chitosan\u2013Alginate-Encapsulation","volume":"104","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artusio, F., Cas\u00e0, D., Granetto, M., Tosco, T., and Pisano, R. (2021). Alginate Nanohydrogels as a Biocompatible Platform for the Controlled Release of a Hydrophilic Herbicide. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9091641"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.278","article-title":"Nano\/Microencapsulation of Plant Biocontrol Agents by Chitosan, Alginate, and Other Important Biopolymers as a Novel Strategy for Alleviating Plant Biotic Stresses","volume":"222","author":"Hassanisaadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.014","article-title":"Evaluation of Biodegradable Polymers as Encapsulating Agents for the Development of a Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizer Using Biochar as Support Material","volume":"505","author":"Cea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02262-2","article-title":"Bioformulation of Microbial Fertilizer Based on Clay and Alginate Encapsulation","volume":"78","author":"Azaroual","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Cano, B., Mendoza-Meneses, C.J., Garc\u00eda-Trejo, J.F., Mac\u00edas-Bobadilla, G., Aguirre-Becerra, H., Soto-Zaraz\u00faa, G.M., and Feregrino-P\u00e9rez, A.A. (2022). Review and Perspectives of the Use of Alginate as a Polymer Matrix for Microorganisms Applied in Agro-Industry. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134248"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzypczak, D., Jarzembowski, \u0141., Izydorczyk, G., Mikula, K., Hoppe, V., Mielko, K.A., Pude\u0142ko-Malik, N., M\u0142ynarz, P., Chojnacka, K., and Witek-Krowiak, A. (2021). Hydrogel Alginate Seed Coating as an Innovative Method for Delivering Nutrients at the Early Stages of Plant Growth. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234233"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangiorgio, D., Cellini, A., Donati, I., Pastore, C., Onofrietti, C., and Spinelli, F. (2020). Facing Climate Change: Application of Microbial Biostimulants to Mitigate Stress in Horticultural Crops. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10060794"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhisph.2021.100385","article-title":"Bacillus Strains Immobilized in Alginate Macrobeads Enhance Drought Stress Adaptation of Guinea Grass","volume":"19","author":"Abril","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhizosphere"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saberi Riseh, R., Ebrahimi-Zarandi, M., Gholizadeh Vazvani, M., and Skorik, Y.A. (2021). Reducing Drought Stress in Plants by Encapsulating Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria with Polysaccharides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312979"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"293","article-title":"Encapsulation of Pseudomonas Libanensis in Alginate Beads to Sustain Bacterial Viability and Inoculation of Vigna Unguiculata under Drought Stress","volume":"11","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saberi Riseh, R., Ebrahimi-Zarandi, M., Tamanadar, E., Moradi Pour, M., and Thakur, V.K. (2021). Salinity Stress: Toward Sustainable Plant Strategies and Using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Encapsulation for Reducing It. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212758"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2010.11.008","article-title":"Preparation of Calcium\u2013Alginate Microcapsuled Microbial Fertilizer Coating Klebsiella Oxytoca Rs-5 and Its Performance under Salinity Stress","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2019.1584395","article-title":"Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Rice Plant by Encapsulated Salt Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Pantoea Agglomerans Strain KL and Its Root Colonization Ability","volume":"65","author":"Bhise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2010.06.008","article-title":"The Evaluation of Free and Encapsulated Aspergillus Awamori for Phosphate Solubilization in Fermentation and Soil\u2013Plant System","volume":"46","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2010.513327","article-title":"Bio-Encapsulation of Microbial Cells for Targeted Agricultural Delivery","volume":"31","author":"John","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.01.009","article-title":"Effect of Free and Encapsulated Pseudomonas Putida CC-FR2-4 and Bacillus Subtilis CC-Pg104 on Plant Growth under Gnotobiotic Conditions","volume":"98","author":"Rekha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Application of Alginate Bead Encapsulated N 2 -Fixing Bacteriais Improvingwheat Yield under Drought Stress","volume":"20","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1021\/ie950448m","article-title":"Controlled Release Formulations of Agrochemicals from Calcium Alginate","volume":"35","author":"Kenawy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.087","article-title":"Chitosan as a Bioactive Polymer: Processing, Properties and Applications","volume":"105","author":"Muxika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"35","article-title":"Chapter 2\u2014Chitin","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Brittain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2286-2","article-title":"Current Status and New Perspectives on Chitin and Chitosan as Functional Biopolymers","volume":"181","author":"Philibert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Ul-Islam, S., and Butola, B.S. (2019). The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology. The Textile Institute Book Series, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitz, C., Gonz\u00e1lez Auza, L., Koberidze, D., Rasche, S., Fischer, R., and Bortesi, L. (2019). Conversion of Chitin to Defined Chitosan Oligomers: Current Status and Future Prospects. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17080452"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1798436","article-title":"Drug-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"71","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranaz, I., Alc\u00e1ntara, A.R., Civera, M.C., Arias, C., Elorza, B., Heras Caballero, A., and Acosta, N. (2021). Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193256"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crognale, S., Russo, C., Petruccioli, M., and D\u2019Annibale, A. (2022). Chitosan Production by Fungi: Current State of Knowledge, Future Opportunities and Constraints. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8020076"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Gopi, S., Thomas, S., and Pius, A. (2020). Chapter 14\u2014Fungal Chitosan: Prospects and Challenges. Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.08.016","article-title":"Recent Insights into the Extraction, Characterization, and Bioactivities of Chitin and Chitosan from Insects","volume":"105","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104849","article-title":"Preparation Methods and Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles; with an Outlook toward Reinforcement of Biodegradable Packaging","volume":"161","author":"Yanat","year":"2021","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hameed, A.Z., Raj, S.A., Kandasamy, J., Baghdadi, M.A., and Shahzad, M.A. (2022). Chitosan: A Sustainable Material for Multifarious Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122335"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maluin, F.N., and Hussein, M.Z. (2020). Chitosan-Based Agronanochemicals as a Sustainable Alternative in Crop Protection. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071611"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malerba, M., and Cerana, R. (2016). Chitosan Effects on Plant Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070996"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detsi, A., Kavetsou, E., Kostopoulou, I., Pitterou, I., Pontillo, A.R.N., Tzani, A., Christodoulou, P., Siliachli, A., and Zoumpoulakis, P. (2020). Nanosystems for the Encapsulation of Natural Products: The Case of Chitosan Biopolymer as a Matrix. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12070669"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2016014850","article-title":"Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared by Ionotropic Gelation: An Overview of Recent Advances","volume":"33","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-018-0633-1","article-title":"Application of Chitosan on Plant Responses with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress","volume":"25","author":"Hidangmayum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"6439","article-title":"Chitosan Application in Maize (Zea Mays) to Counteract the Effects of Abiotic Stress at Seedling Level","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0902","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2017151-9288","article-title":"Chitosans of Different Molecular Weight Enhance Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Yield in a Field Trial","volume":"15","author":"Costales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"107","article-title":"Application of Chitosan in Plant Defense Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses","volume":"15","author":"Pongprayoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04147","article-title":"Preparation of an Environmentally Friendly Formulation of the Insecticide Nicotine Hydrochloride through Encapsulation in Chitosan\/Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2016.1192040","article-title":"Kaempferol Loaded Lecithin\/Chitosan Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Their Potential Applications as a Sustainable Antifungal Agent","volume":"45","author":"Ilk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.085","article-title":"Improving the Antifungal Activity of Clove Essential Oil Encapsulated by Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"275","author":"Hasheminejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.09.006","article-title":"Simultaneous Release of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drugs from Modified Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-018-3630-7","article-title":"Preparation of NPK Nanofertilizer Based on Chitosan Nanoparticles and Its Effect on Biophysical Characteristics and Growth of Coffee in Green House","volume":"45","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.274","article-title":"Zinc Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticle to Promote Maize Crop Yield","volume":"127","author":"Choudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.11.054","article-title":"Chitosan-Silicon Nanofertilizer to Enhance Plant Growth and Yield in Maize (Zea Mays L.)","volume":"159","author":"Kumaraswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.175","article-title":"Mitigation of Salinity Impact in Spearmint Plants through the Application of Engineered Chitosan-Melatonin Nanoparticles","volume":"224","author":"Gohari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00935-7","article-title":"Improved Extraction of Carrageenan from Red Seaweed (Chondracantus Canaliculatus) Using Ultrasound-Assisted Methods and Evaluation of the Yield, Physicochemical Properties and Functional Groups","volume":"30","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07328303.2017.1347668","article-title":"Carrageenan for Encapsulation and Immobilization of Flavor, Fragrance, Probiotics, and Enzymes: A Review","volume":"36","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-005X(03)00021-3","article-title":"Structural Characteristics of Carrageenan Gels: Various Types of Counter Ions","volume":"17","author":"Yuguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.095","article-title":"A Review on Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Natural Polymer Based Carrageenan Blends and Composites","volume":"96","author":"Zia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-010-0246-5","article-title":"Genipin Crosslinked Microcapsules of Gelatin A and \u03ba-Carrageenan Polyelectrolyte Complex for Encapsulation of Neem (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss.) Seed Oil","volume":"65","author":"Devi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makshakova, O.N., Bogdanova, L.R., Makarova, A.O., Kusova, A.M., Ermakova, E.A., Kazantseva, M.A., and Zuev, Y.F. (2022). \u03ba-Carrageenan Hydrogel as a Matrix for Therapeutic Enzyme Immobilization. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194071"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260271205","article-title":"Cell Immobilization in \u03ba-Carrageenan for Ethanol Production","volume":"27","author":"Luong","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00376-3","article-title":"Fermentation of Banana Media by Using \u03ba-Carrageenan Immobilized Lactobacillus Acidophilus","volume":"91","author":"Tsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-0229(85)90032-8","article-title":"Wastewater Nutrient Removal with Microalgae Immobilized in Carrageenan","volume":"7","author":"Chevalier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-4169(200209)344:8<815::AID-ADSC815>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Carrageenan: A Food-Grade and Biocompatible Support for Immobilisation Techniques","volume":"344","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1021\/ie2020526","article-title":"\u03ba-Carrageenan\u2013Sodium Alginate Beads and Superabsorbent Coated Nitrogen Fertilizer with Slow-Release, Water-Retention, and Anticompaction Properties","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-019-1950-y","article-title":"Controlled Release Behavior of Zinc-Loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Carrageenan Hydrogels and Their Effects on Wheatgrass Growth","volume":"27","author":"Akalin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-008-9203-5","article-title":"Radiation Synthesis of Kappa-Carrageenan\/Acrylamide Graft Copolymers as Superabsorbents and Their Possible Applications","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21909-7","article-title":"\u03bb-Carrageenan Promotes Plant Growth in Banana via Enhancement of Cellular Metabolism, Nutrient Uptake, and Cellular Homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Thye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.10.042","article-title":"Guar Gum: Versatile Natural Polymer for Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"112","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0522-x","article-title":"Guar Gum: Processing, Properties and Food Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"51","author":"Mudgil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2008.03.016","article-title":"Rheological Properties of Rice Pasta Dough Supplemented with Proteins and Gums","volume":"23","author":"Sozer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.046","article-title":"Guar Gum Based Biodegradable, Antibacterial and Electrically Conductive Hydrogels","volume":"75","author":"Kaith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-014-1145-y","article-title":"Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres of Gelatin and Carboxymethyl Guar Gum for Controlled Release of Theophylline","volume":"71","author":"Phadke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v13i7.6","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Nateglinide-Loaded Microspheres Formulated with Biodegradable Polymers","volume":"13","author":"Bashir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.07.053","article-title":"Guar Gum and Its Composites as Potential Materials for Diverse Applications: A Review","volume":"199","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.10.018","article-title":"Potential Utilization of Guar Gum Industrial Waste in Vermicompost Production","volume":"97","author":"Suthar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10669-007-9032-9","article-title":"Production of Vermifertilizer from Guar Gum Industrial Wastes by Using Composting Earthworm Perionyx Sansibaricus (Perrier)","volume":"27","author":"Suthar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmentalist"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.01.018","article-title":"Design and Development of Guar Gum Based Novel, Superabsorbent and Moisture Retaining Hydrogels for Agricultural Applications","volume":"185","author":"Thombare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23418","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.23418","article-title":"Guar Gum Based Hydrogel as Controlled Micronutrient Delivery System: Mechanism and Kinetics of Boron Release for Agricultural Applications","volume":"112","author":"Thombare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2017.1293446","article-title":"Release Behavior and Bioefficacy of Imazethapyr Formulations Based on Biopolymeric Hydrogels","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"251","article-title":"Hydro-Gelified and Film Forming Formulation of Microbial Plant Biostimulants for Crop Residues Treatment on Conservation Agriculture Systems","volume":"26","author":"Oancea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. Univ. Vasile Goldis Ser. Stiintele Vietii"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.229530","article-title":"A Carboxymethyl Vegetable Gum as a Robust Water Soluble Binder for Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"489","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.07.102","article-title":"Guar Gum: Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Natural Polymer Based Binder for Silicon\u2013Carbon Composite Rechargeable Li-Ion Battery Anodes","volume":"298","author":"Kuruba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13867","article-title":"Water-Soluble Polymers in Agriculture: Xanthan Gum as Eco-Friendly Alternative to Synthetics","volume":"14","author":"Berninger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadda, A.K.K.V.S., and Sharma, S. (2021). Molecular Basis and Genetic Regulation of EPS. Microbial Exopolysaccharides as Novel and Significant Biomaterials. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75289-7"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.196","article-title":"A Review of the Enzymatic, Physical, and Chemical Modification Techniques of Xanthan Gum","volume":"186","author":"Riaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.05.058","article-title":"Synthesis of Novel Biodegradable Antibacterial Grafted Xanthan Gum","volume":"173","author":"Elella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104702","article-title":"Xanthan Gum-Derived Materials for Applications in Environment and Eco-Friendly Materials: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Goda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201811310050010","article-title":"Xanthan Gum and Its Derivatives as a Potential Bio-Polymeric Carrier for Drug Delivery System","volume":"10","author":"Badwaik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"100075","article-title":"Xanthan-Based Polysaccharide\/Protein Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, Encapsulation and Stabilization of Curcumin","volume":"2","author":"Papagiannopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.03.042","article-title":"Encapsulation of the Phenolic Compounds of the Blackberry (Rubus Fruticosus)","volume":"58","author":"Borges","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2011.04.043","article-title":"Enzyme Encapsulation in Freeze-Dried Bionanocomposites Prepared from Chitosan and Xanthan Gum Blend","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2011.10.010","article-title":"Stability of Lactobacilli Encapsulated in Various Microbial Polymers","volume":"113","author":"Poncelet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.9734\/ijecc\/2022\/v12i1131167","article-title":"Micro Encapsulation and Characterization of Diclosulam in Xanthan Gum Based Polymeric System for Smart Delivery of Herbicide in Crop Production","volume":"12","author":"Mummasani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4419409","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4419409","article-title":"Novel Approaches for Encapsulation of Plant Probiotic Bacteria with Sustainable Polymer Gums: Application in the Management of Pests and Diseases","volume":"2022","author":"Riseh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127018","article-title":"Encapsulated Biochar-Based Sustained Release Fertilizer for Precision Agriculture: A Review","volume":"303","author":"Sim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.202","article-title":"Salicylic Acid Functionalized Chitosan Nanoparticle: A Sustainable Biostimulant for Plant","volume":"123","author":"Kumaraswamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.09.042","article-title":"Formation Mechanism of Monodisperse, Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Nanoparticles by Ionic Gelation Technique","volume":"90","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in Agricultural Production: Microencapsulation","volume":"4","author":"Khalina","year":"2019","journal-title":"NTNF"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2020.100385","article-title":"Review on Biopolymer-Based Soil Treatment (BPST) Technology in Geotechnical Engineering Practices","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.012","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Nanoparticles","volume":"68","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/1\/55\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:48:22Z","timestamp":1760147302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/1\/55"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12010055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12010055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]}}}