{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:06:23Z","timestamp":1760148383298,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vernonia britteniana Hiern. (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant used in traditional Angolan medicine against schistosomiasis. Our study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and the cercaricidal and antioxidant activities in vitro of a traditional herbal preparation (Water-Vbr) and a 70% hydroethanolic extract (EtOH70%-Vbr) prepared with this medicinal plant. The activity of the extracts against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae was assessed at different extract concentrations (500, 438, and 125 \u00b5g\/mL) and at different time intervals, and the phytochemical profiles were obtained by LC-UV-ESI\/MS-MS. In addition, the major chemical classes of the identified metabolites were quantified by colorimetry, and the antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods. After 30 min, 100% cercarial mortality was observed at a concentration of 500 \u03bcg\/mL after exposure, and after 120 min, an LC50 of 438 \u03bcg\/mL was observed for both extracts. Phenolic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid; 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid) and triterpenoids (stigmastane-type steroidal saponins; vernoamyoside D and vernonioside D1; vernoamyoside B; and vernoniamyoside A and C) were identified as the main secondary metabolites. The Water-Vbr extract showed the highest antioxidant activity\u2014DPPH: IC50 = 1.769 \u00b1 0.049 \u00b5g\/mL; FRAP: mean = 320.80 \u00b1 5.1325 \u00b5gAAE\/g.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12091788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T01:28:28Z","timestamp":1682558908000},"page":"1788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vernonia britteniana Root Phytochemical Studies, In Vitro Cercaricidal Activity on the Larval Stage of Schistosoma mansoni and Antioxidant Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maria dos Anjos","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Veterin\u00e1ria, Bairro Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Huambo 555, Angola"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelene","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel B.","family":"Moreira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.I.I.S.A.\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mavilde","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Veterin\u00e1ria, Bairro Santo Ant\u00f3nio, Huambo 555, Angola"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2688-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berta S\u00e3o","family":"Braz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.I.I.S.A.\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, November 15). Regional Committee for Africa. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/95467.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01383.x","article-title":"Ethnobotanical and scientific aspects of Malva sylvestris L.: A millennial herbal medicine","volume":"64","author":"Gasparetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1356838","article-title":"Natural products for human health: A historical overview of the drug discovery approaches","volume":"32","author":"Bernardini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014","volume":"79","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (2007). Angola\u2014Despesas P\u00fablicas no Sector da Sa\u00fade 2000\u20132007, Estudos e Planeamento e Estat\u00edstica do Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade de Angola.","key":"ref_5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-018-0165-y","article-title":"Compounds from African medicinal plants with activities against selected parasitic diseases: Schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Simoben","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albuquerque, R.D.D.G., Mahomoodally, M.F., Lobine, D., Suroowan, S., and Rengasamy, K.R.R. (2020). Botanical products in the treatment and control of schistosomiasis: Recent studies and distribution of active plant resources according to affected regions. Biology, 9.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080223"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20021872","article-title":"Natural products as leads in schistosome drug discovery","volume":"20","author":"Neves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, March 30). Fact Sheet Schistosomiasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/factsheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis.","key":"ref_9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, E.P., Okhai, H., Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, R.E., Almeida, M.C., Katondi, N., Thompson, R., and Lopes, S. (2022). Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases across 15 provinces of Angola. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis., 16.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010458"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5497201600040012","article-title":"Transmiss\u00e3o urbana da esquistossomose: Novo cen\u00e1rio epidemiol\u00f3gico na zona da mata de Pernambuco","volume":"19","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toledo, R., and Fried, B. (2019). Digenetic Trematodes, Springer.","key":"ref_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.02.010","article-title":"Anthelmintic activity in vitro and in vivo of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC against immature and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"139","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02582-16","article-title":"Praziquantel for schistosomiasis: Single-drug metabolism revisited, mode of action, and resistance","volume":"61","author":"Vale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3328073","article-title":"Anthelminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities and FTIR analyses of Vernonia camporum stem-bark","volume":"2021","author":"Akoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4083736","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant compounds from the flower extracts of Vernonia amygdalina","volume":"2018","author":"Habtamu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.06.019","article-title":"Novel silver-platinum bimetallic nanoalloy synthesized from Vernonia mespilifolia extract: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities","volume":"13","author":"Unuofin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"285","article-title":"The anticancer activity of Vernonia divaricata Sw against leukaemia, breast and prostate cancers in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.981814","article-title":"A review on ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacology of Vernonia cinerea Less","volume":"29","author":"Dogra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312119849766","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119849766","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of hydromethanolic extract and its solvent fractions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei","volume":"7","author":"Bihonegn","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahaliw, W., Aseffa, A., Abebe, M., Teferi, M., and Engidawork, E. (2017). Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of crude extracts and solvent fractions of selected Ethiopian medicinal plants. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1563-0"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018008","article-title":"Antiparasitic activity in Asteraceae with special attention to ethnobotanical use by the tribes of Odisha, India","volume":"25","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rustamova, N., Gao, Y., Zhang, Y., and Yili, A. (2020). Biological activity of endophytic fungi from the roots of the medicinal plant Vernonia anthelmintica. Microorganisms, 8.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040586"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gahamanyi, N., Munyaneza, E., Dukuzimana, E., Tuyiringire, N., Pan, C.H., and Komba, E.V.G. (2021). Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, and phytochemistry of medicinal plants used for treating human diarrheal cases in Rwanda: A review. Antibiotics, 10.","key":"ref_24","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10101231"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.53879\/id.56.01.11623","article-title":"Review on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological evidence on leaf extract of Persea americana and Vernonia amygdalina of the African continent\u2014A Review","volume":"56","author":"Boadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2018.1511995","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the extract from Vernonia cinerea leaf using LC-Q-TOF-MS","volume":"41","author":"Alara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatog. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112777","article-title":"Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.: An Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological review","volume":"256","author":"Dogra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1516","article-title":"In vitro cercaricidal activity and phytochemical profile of Vernonia britteniana root","volume":"88","author":"Valente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"unstructured":"(2022, September 29). National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Library of Medicine, PubChem, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/.","key":"ref_29"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"57","article-title":"Identification of the phenolic components of Vernonia amygdalina and Russelia equisetiformis","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/12030679","article-title":"Screening non-colored phenolics in red wines using liquid chromatography\/ultraviolet and mass spectrometry\/mass spectrometry libraries","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"12","article-title":"Soxhlet extraction of phenolic compounds from Vernonia cinerea leaves and its antioxidant activity","volume":"11","author":"Alara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2016.05.041","article-title":"Analysis of a series of chlorogenic acid isomers using differential ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"933","author":"Willems","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Wang, X., Liu, P., Li, M., Dong, H., and Qiao, X. (2018). Semi-preparative separation of 10 caffeoylquinic acid derivatives using high speed countercurrent chromatogaphy combined with semi-preparative HPLC from the roots of burdock (Arctium lappa L.). Molecules, 23.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020429"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.H., Meng, Y., Zhai, C., Wang, M., Avula, B., Yuk, J., and Khan, I.A. (2019). The Chemical Characterization of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Ci-wu-jia Tea using UHPLC-UV-QTOF\/MS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","key":"ref_35","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030475"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.09.003","article-title":"LC-HRMS\/MS Phytochemical profiling of Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. Ex Walp.: Potential involvement of highly-oxygenated stigmastane-type saponins in cancer cell viability, apoptosis and intracellular ROS production","volume":"144","author":"Vasincu","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2021.104838","article-title":"Stigmastane-type steroid saponins from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina Del","volume":"150","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Song, H., Wu, X., Zhang, S., Gao, X., Li, F., and Chen, Q. (2018). Steroidal saponins from Vernonia amygdalina Del. and their biological activity. Molecules, 23.","key":"ref_38","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030579"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P.K. (2019). Quality Control and Evaluation of Herbal Drugs: Evaluating Natural Products and Traditional Medicine, Elsevier.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813374-3.00016-8"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Global Strategy on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2021\u20132030, World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.","key":"ref_40"},{"unstructured":"Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial da Sa\u00fade (2022, September 26). Escrit\u00f3rio Regional para a \u00c1frica. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/2505162016.","key":"ref_41"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3151-z","article-title":"Susceptibility, or resistance of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: A review","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0286-2","article-title":"Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel: How much longer without a viable alternative?","volume":"6","author":"Bergquist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimani, N.M., Matasyoh, J.C., Kaiser, M., Brun, R., and Schmidt, T.J. (2018). Sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia cinerascens Sch. Bip. and their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. Molecules, 23.","key":"ref_44","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020248"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00205-y","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological evaluation of schistosomicidal and cercaricidal activities of some selected medicinal plants from Ghana","volume":"48","author":"Acheampong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.01.040","article-title":"A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae)","volume":"146","author":"Toyang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"23","article-title":"Molluscicidal effect of Vernonia amygdalina (Del) and Momordica charantia Linn. on Bulinus (Phy) globosus","volume":"9","author":"Oguche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"43","article-title":"Vernonia amygdalina: A folkloric herb with anthelminthic properties","volume":"7","author":"Oyeyemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beni. Suef. Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)88123-0","article-title":"Bitter steroid glucosides, vernoniosides A1, A2, and A3, and related B1 from a possible medicinal plant, Vernonia amygdalina, used by wild chimpanzees","volume":"48","author":"Jisaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2022.100279","article-title":"In vitro antischistosomal activity of Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts","volume":"2","author":"Taljaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10332","article-title":"Characterization of constituents by UPLC-MS and the influence of extraction methods of the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.: Extraction, characterization, antioxidant, and enzyme modulatory activities","volume":"8","author":"Bian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190496","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3190496","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity, and in silico analyses of Sterculia villosa and Vernonia patula","volume":"2022","author":"Lyzu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Vernonia amygdalina","volume":"4","author":"Omede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Sci. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-018-9726-3","article-title":"Ethanolic extraction of bioactive compounds from Vernonia amygdalina leaf using response surface methodology as an optimization tool","volume":"12","author":"Alara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2017.10.007","article-title":"Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids and antioxidants from Vernonia amygdalina leaf using response surface methodology","volume":"107","author":"Alara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"unstructured":"European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EDQM (2019). European Pharmacopeia, Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, Council of Europe. [1st ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.edqm.eu\/en\/european-pharmacopoeia.","key":"ref_56"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00089a026","article-title":"Tannins in wood: Comparison of different estimation methods","volume":"37","author":"Scalbert","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125247","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/125247","article-title":"Phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and neuroprotective effect of Terminalia chebula Retzius extracts","volume":"2012","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"unstructured":"Farmacopeia Portuguesa (2009). M\u00e9todos Anal\u00edticos-M\u00e9todos de Doseamento, INFARMED. [9th ed.].","key":"ref_59"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99005-5","article-title":"Ferric reducing\/antioxidant power assay: Direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous, measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration","volume":"299","author":"Benzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583969","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2583969","article-title":"In vitro assessment of anthelmintic activities of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) stem bark and roots against parasitic stages of Schistosoma mansoni and cytotoxicity study","volume":"2017","author":"Tekwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/9\/1788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:10Z","timestamp":1760124250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/12\/9\/1788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["plants12091788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants12091788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2223-7747"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}