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The use of saline water in irrigation has become an alternative in areas subjected to frequent drought, but this practice affects plant growth due to osmotic impact and excess of ions. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can mitigate the negative impacts of salinity and other abiotic factors on crop yields. Actinobacteria from the hyper-arid Atacama Desert could increase the plant tolerance to salinity, allowing their use as biofertilizers for lettuce crops using waters with high salt contents. In this work, rhizosphere samples of halophytic Metharme lanata were obtained from Atacama Desert, and actinobacteria were isolated and identified by 16S gene sequencing. The PGPR activities of phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and the production of siderophore and auxin were assessed at increasing concentrations of NaCl, as well as the enhancement of salt tolerance in lettuce plants irrigated with 100 mM of NaCl. Photosynthesis activity and chlorophyll content, proline content, lipid peroxidation, cation and P concentration, and the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds were assessed. The strains S. niveoruber ATMLC132021 and S. lienomycini ATMLC122021 were positive for nitrogen fixation and P solubilization activities and produced auxin up to 200 mM NaCl. In lettuce plants, both strains were able to improve salt stress tolerance by increasing proline contents, carotenoids, chlorophyll, water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (gs), and net photosynthesis (A), concomitantly with the overproduction of the phenolic compound dicaffeoylquinic acid. All these traits were positively correlated with the biomass production under saltwater irrigation, suggesting its possible use as bioinoculants for the agriculture in areas where the water resources are scarce and usually with high salt concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12102018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1684391578000},"page":"2018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Inoculation with Actinobacteria spp. Isolated from a Hyper-Arid Environment Enhances Tolerance to Salinity in Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Felipe","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Menci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Santander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Grupo de Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070411, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8578-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonieta","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7433-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gladys","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070411, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Aroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda del Suelo y la Planta, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental del Zaid\u00edn, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-0941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cledir","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Agron\u00f3micas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Quillota 2260000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005835117","article-title":"The global value of water in agriculture","volume":"117","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamar, C.A., Vera-Puerto, I., Rivera, D., and De la Hoz, F.D. (2018). Reuse and recycling of livestock and municipal wastewater in Chilean agriculture: A preliminary assessment. 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