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Centre","award":["PD\/BD\/128275\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128275\/2017"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["PD\/00122\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/00122\/2012"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"business unit Bioscience of Wageningen University and Research Centre","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these \u201csink\u201d organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO2, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O2, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12132393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T01:49:32Z","timestamp":1687398572000},"page":"2393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7809-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ser\u00f4dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ric C. H.","family":"De Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen-UR), P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.755149","article-title":"The Health Potential of Fruits and Vegetables Phytochemicals: Notable Examples","volume":"56","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 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