{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:45:44Z","timestamp":1760132744540,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis, a natural resin created by bees, has garnered significant attention from both the scientific community and industry due to an impressive range of bioactivities. Nonetheless, the intrinsic variability in its chemical composition and bioactive profiles has been hindering propolis\u2019 full potential use. We previously showed that ethanol extracts (EEs) of a Portuguese propolis sample (Ger\u00eas) collected over four consecutive years displayed similar chemical and biological profiles, a constancy never documented before. However, the characteristics of the unprocessed samples of Ger\u00eas propolis were never described. Hence, the central objective of this study is to assess the quality parameters of unprocessed propolis samples collected from Ger\u00eas (G), over a four-year period (2019\u20132022), alongside the analysis of the chemical composition and bioactivities of the EEs prepared with the same raw samples. The ash, wax, balsam and water contents of the unprocessed samples\u2014G19 to G22\u2014showed minor fluctuations, likely attributed to uncontrollable natural events impacting the propolis source and collection process. On the other hand, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of all the four ethanol extracts (G19.EE\u2013G22.EE) consistently align with prior studies. Furthermore, the Ger\u00eas propolis extracts showed remarkable uniformity in chemical composition parameters too, particularly concerning total polyphenol, flavonoid and ortho-diphenol contents. In summary, our research reinforces the beneficial properties of propolis and show that extracts\u2019 bioactivities remain within the reference ranges for Ger\u00eas propolis, despite minor differences in unprocessed samples, suggesting a consistent action over time. Thus, this work could be instrumental towards the establishment of standard parameters for propolis applications, offering valuable insights to this field of propolis research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12223909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T11:31:36Z","timestamp":1700479896000},"page":"3909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Examination of Raw Samples and Ethanol Extracts of Ger\u00eas Propolis Collected in Different Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0317-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Caetano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9816-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaela Dias","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui Filipe Cerqueira","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago Vidal","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8223-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Almeida-Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"206439","article-title":"Propolis: A Complex Natural Product with a Plethora of Biological Activities That Can Be Explored for Drug Development","volume":"2015","author":"Baltazar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. 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