{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:37:27Z","timestamp":1778279847681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["2021.06250.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06250.BD"]}]},{"name":"MACBIOPEST project","award":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"]}]},{"name":"MACBIOPEST project","award":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"]}]},{"name":"MACBIOPEST project","award":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"]}]},{"name":"MACBIOPEST project","award":["2021.06250.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06250.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2021.06250.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06250.BD"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI)","award":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI)","award":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI)","award":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI)","award":["2021.06250.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06250.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAC2\/1.1a\/289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/MACBIOPEST\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00674\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.06250.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.06250.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticide overuse in agricultural systems has resulted in the development of pest resistance, the impoverishment of soil microbiota, water pollution, and several human health issues. Nonetheless, farmers still depend heavily on these agrochemicals for economically viable production, given the high frequency at which crops are affected by pests. Phytopathogenic insects are considered the most destructive pests on crops. Botanical pesticides have gained attention as potential biopesticides and complements to traditional pesticides, owing to their biodegradability and low toxicity. Plant-based extracts are abundant in a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, a class of polyphenols that have been extensively studied for this purpose because of their involvement in plant defense responses. The present review offers a comprehensive review of current research on the potential of flavonoids as insecticides for crop protection, addressing the modes and possible mechanisms of action underlying their bioactivity. The structure\u2013activity relationship is also discussed. It also addresses challenges associated with their application in pest and disease management and suggests alternatives to overcome these issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13060776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T11:47:30Z","timestamp":1709898450000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Flavonoids as Insecticides in Crop Protection\u2014A Review of Current Research and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4216-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9200-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5732-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onofre","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9200-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8303-4286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula C.","family":"Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CQM\u2014Centro de Qu\u00edmica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9200-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finglas, P.M., and Toldr\u00e1, F. (2016). Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanarajan, A. (2017). Sustainable Agriculture towards Food Security, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6647-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-017-0445-7","article-title":"Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: The Richer Shade of Green. A Review","volume":"37","author":"Struik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.010","article-title":"Occupational Pesticide Use and Parkinson\u2019s Disease in the Parkinson Environment Gene (PEG) Study","volume":"107","author":"Narayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i24.5628","article-title":"Effect of Pesticides on Phosphorylation of Tau Protein, and Its Influence on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110789","article-title":"Relationship between Agrochemical Compounds and Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer","volume":"508","author":"Kass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Citrus Genus and Its Waste Utilization: A Review on Health-Promoting Activities and Industrial Application","volume":"2021","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2020.1106","article-title":"Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Lung Cancer Risk: A Propensity Score Analyses","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112327","article-title":"Association between Pesticide Exposure and Colorectal Cancer Risk and Incidence: A Systematic Review","volume":"219","author":"Matich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0","article-title":"Pesticide Exposure and Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer among Private Pesticide Applicators","volume":"19","author":"Pardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2020-0121","article-title":"Pesticide Applicators and Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"Varghese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fucic, A., Duca, R.C., Galea, K.S., Maric, T., Garcia, K., Bloom, M.S., Andersen, H.R., and Vena, J.E. (2021). Reproductive Health Risks Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Pesticides. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126576"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudi, M., Li, H., Li, H., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Yang, L., Tong, S., Yu, Q.J., Ruan, H.D., and Atabila, A. (2022). Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060335"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12155-3","article-title":"Organopesticides and Fertility: Where Does the Link Lead To?","volume":"28","author":"Venkidasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.038","article-title":"Use of Botanical Insecticides for Sustainable Agriculture: Future Perspectives","volume":"105","author":"Campos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2022.100301","article-title":"A Review of Interactions of Pesticides within Various Interfaces of Intrinsic and Organic Residue Amended Soil Environment","volume":"11","author":"Rasool","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syafrudin, M., Kristanti, R.A., Yuniarto, A., Hadibarata, T., Rhee, J., Al-Onazi, W.A., Algarni, T.S., Almarri, A.H., and Al-Mohaimeed, A.M. (2021). Pesticides in Drinking Water\u2014A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020468"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00795-7","article-title":"Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Unveils Population Evolution and Development of Pesticide Resistance in Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda","volume":"13","author":"Gui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12957","article-title":"Frequencies and Mechanisms of Pesticide Resistance in Tetranychus urticae Field Populations in China","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-023-03789-3","article-title":"Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane for Malaria and Agricultural Uses and Its Impacts on Human Health","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nollet, L.M.L., and Rathore, H.S. (2015). Biopesticides Handbook, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b18014"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tataridas, A., Kanatas, P., Chatzigeorgiou, A., Zannopoulos, S., and Travlos, I. (2022). Sustainable Crop and Weed Management in the Era of the EU Green Deal: A Survival Guide. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030589"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavares, W.R., Barreto, M.D.C., and Seca, A.M.L. (2021). Aqueous and Ethanolic Plant Extracts as Bio-Insecticides\u2014Establishing a Bridge between Raw Scientific Data and Practical Reality. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10050920"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview","volume":"10","author":"Karak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathesius, U. (2018). Flavonoid Functions in Plants and Their Interactions with Other Organisms. Plants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants7020030"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulpta, D., Palma, J., and Corpas, F. (2018). Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75088-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Feng, Y., Yu, S., Fan, Z., Li, X., Li, J., and Yin, H. (2021). The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312824"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00943","article-title":"The Origin and Evolution of Plant Flavonoid Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Higashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153781","article-title":"Flavonoids as Biopesticides\u2014Systematic Assessment of Sources, Structures, Activities and Environmental Fate","volume":"824","author":"Schnarr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17112","article-title":"NF-Y Plays Essential Roles in Flavonoid Biosynthesis by Modulating Histone Modifications in Tomato","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-018-0130-3","article-title":"The Research Progress of Chalcone Isomerase (CHI) in Plants","volume":"61","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105248","article-title":"The Genetics and Biochemistry of Floral Pigments","volume":"57","author":"Grotewold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128292","article-title":"Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis in Cultivated and Wild Soybeans Grown in the Field under Adverse Climate Conditions","volume":"342","author":"Veremeichik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13397","article-title":"Transgenic Expression of Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase Redirects Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Alleviates Anthracnose Susceptibility in Sorghum","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.07.009","article-title":"Temporal Biosynthesis of Flavone Constituents in Flax Growth Stages","volume":"142","author":"Zuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01330","article-title":"Functional Differentiation of Duplicated Flavonoid 3-O-Glycosyltransferases in the Flavonol and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Freesia hybrida","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Pei, X., Zhang, H., Li, X., Zhang, X., Zhao, M., Chiang, V.L., Sederoff, R.R., and Zhao, X. (2021). Myb-Mediated Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063103"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pct110","article-title":"Violet\/Blue Chrysanthemums-Metabolic Engineering of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Results in Novel Petal Colors","volume":"54","author":"Brugliera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105252","article-title":"Genetics and Biochemistry of Seed Flavonoids","volume":"57","author":"Lepiniec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Yang, J., Xiao, C., Mao, T., Zhang, J., and Zhang, H. (2019). Differences in Flavonoid Pathway Metabolites and Transcripts Affect Yellow Petal Colouration in the Aquatic Plant Nelumbo nucifera. BMC Plant Biol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-019-1886-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10830","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c03629","article-title":"Discovery of Natural Products as Multitarget Inhibitors of Insect Chitinolytic Enzymes through High-Throughput Screening","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-021-00940-w","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Chrysin on Growth, Development and Oviposition Behaviour of Melon Fruit Fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)","volume":"50","author":"Puri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, E., Yan, H., Gao, J., Guo, H., Ge, F., and Sun, Y. (2019). Increases in Genistein in Medicago sativa Confer Resistance against the Pisum Host Race of Acyrthosiphon pisum. Insects, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10040097"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-013-0535-5","article-title":"Are Naringenin and Quercetin Useful Chemicals in Pest-Management Strategies?","volume":"87","author":"Sprawka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-012-0452-z","article-title":"Antifeedant Activity of Luteolin and Genistein against the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum","volume":"85","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1868465","article-title":"Insecticidal Activity of Copper (II) Complexes with Flavanone Derivatives","volume":"36","author":"Sarria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1515\/BOT.2008.054","article-title":"Antifeedant, Antibacterial, and Antilarval Compounds from the South China Sea Seagrass Enhalus acoroides","volume":"51","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bot. Mar."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C., Ma, C., Luo, J., Niu, L., Hua, H., Zhang, S., and Cui, J. (2021). Potential of Cucurbitacin B and Epigallocatechin Gallate as Biopesticides against Aphis gossypii. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12010032"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-020-09757-6","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Genistein and PTP1B on Grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus Development","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthropod. Plant. Interact."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-021-00274-z","article-title":"Toxicity of Isolated Phenolic Compounds from Acorus calamus L. to Control Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Wiwattanawanichakun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1247080","article-title":"Insecticidal Constituents from Buddlej aalbiflora Hemsl","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toad108","article-title":"Potential Insecticidal Extracts from Artocarpus lacucha against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae","volume":"116","author":"Ruttanaphan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"772","article-title":"Valorization of Hesperidin from Citrus Residues: Evaluation of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Hesperidin-Mg Complex and Their Insecticidal Activity","volume":"33","author":"Bomfim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-010-9823-1","article-title":"Response of Epilachna Paenulata to Two Flavonoids, Pinocembrin and Quercetin, in a Comparative Study","volume":"36","author":"Valladares","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-014-0641-z","article-title":"Bioinsecticidal Effect of the Flavonoids Pinocembrin and Quercetin against Spodoptera Frugiperda","volume":"88","author":"Palacios","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stec, K., Kordan, B., and Gabry\u015b, B. (2021). Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior. Insects, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12080756"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.065","article-title":"Effect of Crude Extracts and Purified Compounds of Alpinia galanga on Nutritional Physiology of a Polyphagous Lepidopteran Pest, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)","volume":"168","author":"Datta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stec, K., Kordan, B., and Gabry\u015b, B. (2021). Quercetin and Rutin as Modifiers of Aphid Probing Behavior. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123622"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"79","article-title":"Bioefficacy of Quercetin against Melon Fruit Fly","volume":"66","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Insectology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"298","article-title":"Effect of Some Flavonoids on Survival and Development of Helicoverpa armigera (H\u00fcbner) and Spodoptera litura (Fab) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"4","author":"Jadhav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.136","article-title":"Toxicity and Physiological Effect of Quercetin on Generalist Herbivore, Spodoptera litura Fab. and a Non-Target Earthworm Eisenia Fetida Savigny","volume":"165","author":"Thanigaivel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6004","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200821p","article-title":"Secondary Metabolites from Glycine Soja and Their Growth Inhibitory Effect against Spodoptera litura","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109465","article-title":"Effect of Daidzein on Growth, Development and Biochemical Physiology of Insect Pest, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)","volume":"262","author":"Punia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00777362","article-title":"Antifeedant Activity of Flavonoids and Related Compounds against the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki","volume":"46","author":"Ohmura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1021\/jf025627a","article-title":"Insect Antifeedant Activity of Flavones and Chromones against Spodoptera litura","volume":"51","author":"Morimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-013-0485-y","article-title":"Effect of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Legume Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera","volume":"86","author":"War","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12238","article-title":"Effect of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of Quercetin on Some Digestive Enzyme Activity via Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP) Content of the Midgut of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)","volume":"8","author":"Mikani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19468","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05316-6","article-title":"Phytochemical Profile and Insecticidal Activity of Agave americana Leaf Extract towards Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","volume":"26","author":"Maazoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2015.09.003","article-title":"Conifer Flavonoid Compounds Inhibit Detoxification Enzymes and Synergize Insecticides","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104701","article-title":"Inhibitory Activities of Flavonoids from Eupatorium Adenophorum against Acetylcholinesterase","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2008.12.005","article-title":"Silencing of Acetylcholinesterase Gene of Helicoverpa armigera by SiRNA Affects Larval Growth and Its Life Cycle","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(95)00511-0","article-title":"Oviposition Stimulants for the Monarch Butterfly: Flavonol Glycosides from Asclepias curassavica","volume":"41","author":"Haribal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01041949","article-title":"Flavanone Glycosides as Oviposition Stimulants in a Papilionid Butterfly, Papilio Protenor","volume":"12","author":"Honda","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riddick, E., Wu, Z., Eller, F., and Berhow, M. (2018). Utilization of Quercetin as an Oviposition Stimulant by Lab-Cultured Coleomegilla maculata in the Presence of Conspecifics and a Tissue Substrate. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9030077"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07904.x","article-title":"Insect Angiotensin-converting Enzyme: A Processing Enzyme with Broad Substrate Specificity and a Role in Reproduction","volume":"897","author":"Isaac","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2134232100","article-title":"Juvenile Hormone Acid Methyltransferase: A Key Regulatory Enzyme for Insect Metamorphosis","volume":"100","author":"Shinoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00888","article-title":"Development of Novel Pesticides Targeting Insect Chitinases: A Minireview and Perspective","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, A., AlJabr, A.M., and Al-Ayedh, H. (2019). Development-Disrupting Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor, Novaluron, Reprogramming the Chitin Degradation Mechanism of Red Palm Weevils. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234304"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104735","article-title":"Toxicity and Physiological Actions of Biflavones on Potassium Current in Insect Neuronal Cells","volume":"171","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Andersch, W., Hungenberg, H., and Mansfield, D. (2009). Insecticidal Active Ingredient Combinations (Formononetins + Insecticides). (US8334268)."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417010-0.00006-9","article-title":"Chapter Six\u2014Insect Acetylcholinesterase as a Target for Effective and Environmentally Safe Insecticides","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Insect Physiology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOEC.0000006357.18358.14","article-title":"Persistence of Isoflavones Formononetin and Biochanin A in Soil and Their Effects on Soil Microbe Populations","volume":"23","author":"Ozan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.09.021","article-title":"The Fate and Toxicity of the Flavonoids Naringenin and Formononetin in Soil","volume":"40","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05214","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation, Nano-Guard for Pesticides: A New Window for Safe Application","volume":"64","author":"Nuruzzaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/6\/776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:10Z","timestamp":1760105470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/6\/776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13060776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13060776","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]}}}