{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:57:06Z","timestamp":1767913026715,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Performalgae","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-069961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-069961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus obliquus were tested as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. This evaluation was conducted through in vitro and in vivo trials with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The in vitro trials showed that C. vulgaris and T. obliquus were able to inhibit the phytopathogen, showing a similar inhibitory effect to that of the positive controls (Rovral, BASF\u00ae and Biocontrol T34, Biocontrol Technologies\u00ae S.L.). C. vulgaris aqueous suspensions at 3.0 g L\u22121 led to a hyphal growth of 0.55 cm, each corresponding to a reduction of 63% of fungal growth. With T. obliquus, the hyphal growth was 0.53 cm when applied at a concentration of 0.75 g L\u22121, having an inhibition of fungus growth of 64%. Thereafter, these results were validated in an in vivo trial on spinach using the same controls. The results revealed a lower severity and disease incidence and a reduction in the disease\u2019s AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) when spinach was treated with the microalgae suspensions. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of C. vulgaris and T. obliquus suspensions as promising biocontrol agents against F. oxysporum in spinach when applied through irrigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13121697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T08:06:06Z","timestamp":1718784366000},"page":"1697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus obliquus Protect Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) against Fusarium oxysporum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9931-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenCoLab-Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9anne","family":"Genevace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Innovations, HAS University of Applied Sciences, Onderwijsboulevard 22, 15223 DE \u2019s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6948-0055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florinda","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab-Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab-Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Avan\u00e7ada, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenCoLab-Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenCoLab-Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0105-x","article-title":"Pesticide Productivity and Food Security. 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