{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:28Z","timestamp":1760146648799,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (DRCT)","award":["M1.1.C\/PROJ.EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/003\/2022\u2014PotBioCJap","M3.1.a\/F\/008\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.C\/PROJ.EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/003\/2022\u2014PotBioCJap","M3.1.a\/F\/008\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Regional da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FRCT)","award":["M1.1.C\/PROJ.EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/003\/2022\u2014PotBioCJap","M3.1.a\/F\/008\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1.1.C\/PROJ.EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/003\/2022\u2014PotBioCJap","M3.1.a\/F\/008\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Azorean Cryptomeria japonica forest operations and wood industry generate considerable foliage biomass residues that are used for local essential oil (EO) production. However, research on seasonal variation of C. japonica EO remains scarce. In this study, the EOs from fresh Azorean C. japonica foliage (Az\u2013CJF) collected in autumn (Aut) and spring (Spr) were obtained via hydrodistillation and investigated for their physical properties, yield, chemical composition, and bioactivities. Both EOs presented a strong odor, a yellowish color, a density around 0.9 g\u00b7mL\u22121, and similar yields (approximately 1% v\/w, dry matter). Nevertheless, the GC\u2013MS analyses showed a decrease in monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) and an increase in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS) contents in Spr\u2013EO compared with Aut\u2013EO (16% vs. 35% for MH and 45% vs. 31% for OS, respectively). In addition, the predominant components were kaur-16-ene (23%) for Spr\u2013EO and phyllocladene (19%) for Aut\u2013EO, revealing that both EOs were rich in diterpene hydrocarbons (29% vs. 26%). Concerning its toxicity against brine shrimp, a low mortality (0\u201338%) was observed at a concentration range of 100\u2013180 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121. Regarding the anti-cholinesterase properties, both EOs were inactive against acetylcholinesterase but showed anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity superior to (\u2013)-\u03b1-pinene, a major compound of Az\u2013CJF EO (IC50 values: 84, 148, and 648 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u22121 for Spr\u2013EO, Aut\u2013EO, and \u03b1-pinene, respectively). Overall, the results indicate the potential benefit of both seasonal EOs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that season strongly influences the Az\u2013CJF EO quantitative composition and thus its bioactivity, aiding in the selection of the most high-quality raw materials for use in Azorean C. japonica EO aromatherapy industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13233277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T06:41:48Z","timestamp":1732257708000},"page":"3277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Essential Oil Composition and Anti-Cholinesterase Properties of Cryptomeria japonica Foliage Harvested in S\u00e3o Miguel Island (Azores) in Two Different Seasons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8718-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0200-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanner","family":"Wortham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Perfumery, 621 Park East Blvd., New Albany, IN 47150, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology (DB), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6897-4886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Janeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6736-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering (DCFQE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, S.M., Ord\u00e1s, R.J., and Alvarez, J.M. (2022). Conifer biotechnology: An overview. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13071061"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-023-00201-5","article-title":"Conifer defences against pathogens and pests: Mechanisms, breeding, and management","volume":"9","author":"Mageroy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Wen, K.-S., Ruan, X., Zhao, Y.-X., Wei, F., and Wang, Q. (2018). Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040762"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2020.104197","article-title":"The variability of terpenes in conifers under developmental and environmental stimuli","volume":"180","author":"Kopaczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-020-09930-8","article-title":"On the evolution and functional diversity of terpene synthases in the Pinus species: A Review","volume":"88","author":"Alicandri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celedon, J.M., Whitehill, J.G., Madilao, L.L., and Bohlmann, J. (2020). Gymnosperm glandular trichomes: Expanded dimensions of the conifer terpenoid defense system. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69373-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramawat, K.G., and M\u00e8rillon, J.-M. (2013). Terpenes: Chemistry, biological role, and therapeutic applications. Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22144-6"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ninkuu, V., Zhang, L., Yan, J., Fu, Z., Yang, T., and Zeng, H. (2021). Biochemistry of terpenes and recent advances in plant protection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115710"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-018-3056-x","article-title":"Terpenes and isoprenoids: A wealth of compounds for global use","volume":"249","author":"Tetali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-009-0091-z","article-title":"Trends in research related to \u201cShinrin-yoku\u201d (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) in Japan","volume":"15","author":"Tsunetsugu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Preedy, V. (2016). Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"116","article-title":"Development of pollen and female gametophytes in Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"1","author":"Hosoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, K., Silva, A.S., Atanassova, M., Sharma, R., Nepovimova, E., Musilek, K., Sharma, R., Alghuthaymi, M.A., Dhanjal, D.S., and Nicoletti, M. (2021). Conifers phytochemicals: A valuable forest with therapeutic potential. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26103005"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C., Woo, H., and Park, M.-J. (2023). Development of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae essential oils from forest waste in South Korea. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12193409"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Dai, M., Wang, M., Wu, X., Cai, M., Tao, Y., Huang, J., and Wen, Y. (2023). Geographical variation reveals strong genetic differentiation in Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14091826"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2012.50","article-title":"Genome scanning for detecting adaptive genes along environmental gradients in the Japanese conifer, Cryptomeria Japonica","volume":"109","author":"Tsumura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Medeiros, J., Baptista, J., Madruga, J., and Lima, E. (2021). Variations in essential oil chemical composition and biological activities of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex Lf) D. Don from different geographical origins: A critical review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311097"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113520","article-title":"Biological activities of organic extracts and specialized metabolites from different parts of Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae): A critical review","volume":"206","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., Figueiredo, A.C., and Lima, E. (2023). Essential oils from different parts of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex Lf) D. Don (Cupressaceae): Comparison of the yields, chemical compositions, and biological properties. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148375"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2024.126204","article-title":"Climatic drivers and tree growth in a key production species: The case of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. Ex Lf) D. Don in the Azores archipelago","volume":"85","author":"Brunner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2024, July 18). Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e A\u00e7\u00e3o Clim\u00e1tica, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional do Ambiente e A\u00e7\u00e3o Clim\u00e1tica. Relat\u00f3rio do Estado do Ambiente dos A\u00e7ores. Portal do Estado do Ambiente dos A\u00e7ores, Available online: https:\/\/rea.azores.gov.pt\/UltimaEdicao.aspx."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2024, July 07). Sociedade Portuguesa de Bot\u00e2nica (2024). Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don: Mapa de Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o. Flora-On: Flora de Portugal Interactiva. Available online: http:\/\/acores.flora-on.pt\/#wCryptomeria+japonica."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological effects of essential oils: A review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1231","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.12492","article-title":"Essential oils: Extraction, bioactivities, and their uses for food preservation","volume":"79","author":"Tongnuanchan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014","article-title":"Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review","volume":"117","author":"Azmir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100829","article-title":"Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: Techniques, performance and economic analysis","volume":"30","author":"Kant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Factors affecting chemical variability of essential oils: A review of recent developments","volume":"4","author":"Barra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.01.006","article-title":"The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, F., Lima, A., Wortham, T., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., Rosa, J.S., and Lima, E. (2024). Sequential separation of essential oil components during hydrodistillation of fresh foliage from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae): Effects on antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging activities. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13131729"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12069","article-title":"Whitening and antioxidant activities of bornyl acetate and nezukol fractionated from Cryptomeria japonica essential oil","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Cryptomeria japonica essential oil inhibits the growth of drug-resistant skin pathogens and LPS-induced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokine production","volume":"58","author":"Yoon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17043890","article-title":"Essential oil from Cryptomeria japonica induces apoptosis in human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells via mitochondrial stress and activation of caspases","volume":"17","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-008-0984-2","article-title":"Neuropharmacological activities of phytoncide released from Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"55","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-008-1001-5","article-title":"Evaluation of dried-wood odors: Comparison between analytical and sensory data on odors from dried sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) wood","volume":"55","author":"Ohira","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-018-0700-9","article-title":"Gender differences in the psychophysiological effects induced by VOCs emitted from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)","volume":"23","author":"Matsubara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.39.241","article-title":"Inhalation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) wood odor causes psychological relaxation after monotonous work among female participants","volume":"39","author":"Matsubara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"803","article-title":"Anti-cholinesterase activity of crude drugs selected from the ingredients of incense sticks and heartwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa","volume":"13","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshee, N., Dhekney, S.A., and Parajuli, P. (2019). Therapeutic and medicinal uses of terpenes. Medicinal Plants: From Farm to Pharmacy, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31269-5"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15311","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-021-01963-3","article-title":"Current trends in essential oil (EO) production","volume":"13","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomass Conv. Bioref."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolouri, P., Salami, R., Kouhi, S., Kordi, M., Asgari Lajayer, B., Hadian, J., and Astatkie, T. (2022). Applications of essential oils and plant extracts in different industries. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248999"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bungau, A.F., Radu, A.-F., Bungau, S.G., Vesa, C.M., Tit, D.M., Purza, A.L., and Endres, L.M. (2023). Emerging insights into the applicability of essential oils in the management of acne vulgaris. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28176395"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janeiro, A., Lima, A., Arruda, F., Wortham, T., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., and Lima, E. (2024). Variations in essential oil biological activities of female cones at different developmental stages from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex Lf) D. Don (Cupressaceae). Separations, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11040102"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Wortham, T., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., and Lima, E. (2024). Chemical compositions and in vitro antioxidant activities of the essential oils of sawdust and resin-rich bark from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae). Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060728"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Arruda, F., Wortham, T., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., and Lima, E. (2024, January 8\u201311). Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of sawdust and resin-rich bark essential oils from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae). Proceedings of the 54th International Symposium on Essential Oils (ISEO), Balatonalm\u00e1di, Hungary.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060728"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, E., and Medeiros, J. (2024). Terpenes as potential Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s disease agents. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14093898"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, C., and Kabra, U.D. (2024). A comprehensive review of multi-target directed ligands in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Bioorg. Chem., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107152"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118319","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of plant extracts and essential oils: A review","volume":"292","author":"Ferraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2009.12.001","article-title":"Mineral waters characterization in the Azores archipelago (Portugal)","volume":"190","author":"Cruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"473","article-title":"Climate change scenarios in the Azores and Madeira islands","volume":"16","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Resour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2024, July 18). Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera. Available online: www.ipma.pt."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Council of Europe (2010). European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, in European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(1985). Essential Oils: Analysis by Gas Chromatography on Capillary Columns\u2014General Method (Standard No. ISO 7609)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959661","article-title":"A microwell cytotoxicity assay using Artemia salina (brine shrimp)","volume":"59","author":"Solis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"302","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide","volume":"3","author":"Abbott","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2020.1741403","article-title":"Inhibition of enzymes important for Alzheimer\u2019s disease by antioxidant extracts prepared from 15 New Zealand medicinal trees and bushes","volume":"50","author":"Majid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. N. Z."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhang, N., Pei, S., and Yao, L. (2022). Odor perception of aromatherapy essential oils with different chemical types: Influence of gender and two cultural characteristics. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.998612"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, F., Rosa, J.S., Rodrigues, A., Oliveira, L., Lima, A., Barroso, J.G., and Lima, E. (2022). Essential oil variability of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica leaves under different distillation methods, Part 1: Color, yield and chemical composition analysis. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010452"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1785","article-title":"Essential oil characterization of two Azorean Cryptomeria japonica populations and their biological evaluations","volume":"8","author":"Moiteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda, F., Lima, A., Wortham, T., Janeiro, A., Rodrigues, T., Baptista, J., Rosa, J.S., and Lima, E. (2023). Sequential separation of essential oil components during hydrodistillation of Azorean Cryptomeria japonica foliage: Effects on yield, physical properties, and chemical composition. Separations, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10090483"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1934578X211038431","article-title":"Essential oil composition from Cryptomeria japonica D. Don grown in Azores: Biomass valorization from forest management","volume":"16","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allures Publishing Corporation. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2023, September 15). NIST Chemistry WebBook, Edited by P. J. Linstrom and W. G. Mallard, Available online: https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-024-11347-2","article-title":"Deciphering the complexity of terpenoid biosynthesis and its multi-level regulatory mechanism in plants","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, T.G., Sahu, L.K., Gupta, M., Mir, B.A., Gajbhiye, T., Dubey, R., Clavijo McCormick, A., and Pandey, S.K. (2023). Environmental factors affecting monoterpene emissions from terrestrial vegetation. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173146"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.01.011","article-title":"Evaluation of light dependence of monoterpene emission and its effect on surface ozone concentration","volume":"104","author":"Nishimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2480\/agrmet.D-17-00043","article-title":"Differences in monoterpene emission characteristics after ozone exposure between three clones representing major gene pools of Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"74","author":"Miyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.025","article-title":"Effects of soil water content and elevated CO2 concentration on the monoterpene emission rate of Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"634","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.12.004","article-title":"Seasonal variation in basal emission rates and composition of mono-and sesquiterpenes emitted from dominant conifers in Japan","volume":"69","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"285","article-title":"The diterpene hydrocarbons in the leaves of Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"58","author":"Yasue","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Jpn. For. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"152","article-title":"Geographical differentiation of natural Cryptomeria stands analyzed by diterpene hydrocarbon constituents of individual trees","volume":"69","author":"Yasue","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Jpn. For. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)85694-0","article-title":"The diterpenes from the leaves of Cryptomeria japonica","volume":"9","author":"Appleton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858076","article-title":"Sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in extant conifers: A review","volume":"67","author":"Otto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Yang, J., Hu, H., Wei, G., Cui, J., and Xu, J. (2022). Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal differences in terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis in Cryptomeria fortune needles across different seasons. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.862746"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00044","article-title":"Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts","volume":"8","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azra, M.N., Noor, M.I.M., Burlakovs, J., Abdullah, M.F., Abd Latif, Z., and Yik Sung, Y. (2022). Trends and new developments in Artemia research. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12182321"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.090","article-title":"Anti-acetylcholinesterase and toxicity against Artemia salina of chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Pelargonium x ssp and Copaifera officinalis","volume":"167","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7125","article-title":"Anticancer activity of limonene: A systematic review of target signaling pathways","volume":"35","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddin, L.B., Jha, N.K., Meeran, M.F.N., Kesari, K.K., Beiram, R., and Ojha, S. (2021). Neuroprotective potential of limonene and limonene containing natural products. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154535"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, T.C., Gomes, T.M., Pinto, B.A.S., Camara, A.L., and De Andrade, P.A.M. (2018). Naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and their potential use for Alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01192"}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/23\/3277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:24Z","timestamp":1760114244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/13\/23\/3277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["plants13233277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13233277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2223-7747"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}