{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:23:08Z","timestamp":1760059388604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Regional para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["CONCURSO PRO-SCIENTIA\/FRCT\/2021\/M3.1.a\/001","M3.1.a\/F\/014\/2021","M1.1.C\/PROJ. EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/011\/2022","INTERREG MAC 2014-2020: MAC2\/4.6d\/386","UIDB\/50027\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONCURSO PRO-SCIENTIA\/FRCT\/2021\/M3.1.a\/001","M3.1.a\/F\/014\/2021","M1.1.C\/PROJ. 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EXPLORAT\u00d3RIOS\/011\/2022","INTERREG MAC 2014-2020: MAC2\/4.6d\/386","UIDB\/50027\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the seasonal and floral phenology, breeding strategies, and floral morphology of Azorina vidalii, an Azorean endemic Campanulaceae with hermaphroditic, protandrous flowers, dichogamy and secondary pollen presentation. Seasonal phenology was recorded in four field populations and floral phenology in a garden population. Reproductive strategies were assessed via controlled hand pollinations in one field population. Floral morphometrics were analysed using 23 floral and five pollen traits from 121 flowers across fourteen populations throughout the Azores archipelago. Non-parametric and parametric tests, discriminant analysis, and reproductive indices were used to infer answers to this study\u2019s goals. Results showed that temperature and humidity influenced vegetative and reproductive phenophases. The male phase was shorter than the female, likely due to pollen dynamics, and some functional overlap suggested incomplete dichogamy. Geographic variation in floral traits indicated morphological differentiation across subarchipelagos, presumably linked to environmental factors or isolation. Reproductive indices suggested a mixed mating system, partial self\u2013incompatibility and signs of inbreeding depression. Fertilisation was absent without pollinators, and spontaneous selfing was excluded due to an absence of pollen\u2013pistil contact during stigma retraction. These findings contribute to understanding the reproductive biology and morphologic variation in A. vidalii. The implications of these findings for the conservation of this insular plant are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14121774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T12:53:16Z","timestamp":1749559996000},"page":"1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Floral Biology, Breeding System and Conservation Implications for the Azorean Endemic Azorina vidalii (Campanulaceae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R\u00faben M.","family":"Correia Rego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, UNESCO Chair-Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, University of the Azores, 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Delaunay","family":"Caperta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, UNESCO Chair-Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, University of the Azores, 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, UNESCO Chair-Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, University of the Azores, 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Roxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, UNESCO Chair-Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, University of the Azores, 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Resendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, UNESCO Chair-Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias, University of the Azores, 9501-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Olangua-Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banco Germoplasma & Dpto, Biolog\u00eda Reproductiva, Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico Canario \u201cViera y Clavijo\u201d-u.a. CSIC, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tandon, R., Shivanna, K.R., and Koul, M. (2020). Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: An Introduction. Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: Patterns and Processes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-4210-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0212","article-title":"Darwin\u2019s legacy: The forms, function and sexual diversity of flowers","volume":"365","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1086\/706240","article-title":"Floral evolution: Breeding systems, pollinators, and beyond","volume":"180","author":"Sapir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. 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