{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:31:39Z","timestamp":1760059899595,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["MED-UIDB\/05183\/2020","CHANGE-LA\/P\/0121\/2020","CCMAR-UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDP\/04129\/2020","EMBRC.PT","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED-UIDB\/05183\/2020","CHANGE-LA\/P\/0121\/2020","CCMAR-UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDP\/04129\/2020","EMBRC.PT","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]},{"name":"CRESC Algarve 2020 and COMPETE 2020","award":["MED-UIDB\/05183\/2020","CHANGE-LA\/P\/0121\/2020","CCMAR-UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDP\/04129\/2020","EMBRC.PT","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED-UIDB\/05183\/2020","CHANGE-LA\/P\/0121\/2020","CCMAR-UIDB\/04326\/2020","UIDB\/04129\/2020","UIDP\/04129\/2020","EMBRC.PT","ALG-01-0145-FEDER-022121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intercropping Brassica oleracea. with three perennial grasses (Poa pratensis L., Lolium perenne L., and Festuca rubra L.) under varying levels of iron (Fe) availability (Fe0, Fe1 and Fe5) in nutrient solutions. The research focused on biomass accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency, root development, nutrient uptake, and oxidative stress response. In the absence of Fe, Brassica sp. exhibited chlorosis, reduced biomass, and increased ferric chelate reductase (FCR) enzyme activity as an adaptive response. Brassica plants intercropped with Poa sp. maintained higher chlorophyll (Chl) levels and photosystem II efficiency (Fv\/Fm values), mitigating Fe deficiency effects. Catalase activity and polyphenol production varied with intercropping species, indicating differential stress response mechanisms. Intercropping improved Zn, Mn, and P accumulation, with Poa sp. facilitating greater Zn and Mn uptake. Intercropping Brassica sp. with specific grass species offers potential agronomic benefits by improving Fe use efficiency, mitigating stress, and enhancing nutrient uptake. Future research should focus on optimizing intercropping combinations for sustainable agricultural practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1752748427000},"page":"2215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intercropping with Gramineous Plants in Nutrient Solutions as a Tool to Optimize the Use of Iron in Brassica oleracea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2125-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Building 8, Universidade do Algarve, <i>Campus<\/i> of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve, <i>Campus<\/i> of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribela","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Building 8, Universidade do Algarve, <i>Campus<\/i> of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Building 8, Universidade do Algarve, <i>Campus<\/i> of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6101-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Paulo","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve, <i>Campus<\/i> of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro Jos\u00e9","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Building 8, Universidade do Algarve, <i>Campus<\/i> of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Marschner, P. 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