{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:39:54Z","timestamp":1770730794851,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CICS-UBI","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Funding Agency for Science Research and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echium L. is a genus of flowering plants from the Boraginaceae family that includes several species traditionally used in herbal medicine. Echium spp. have been applied for treating wounds, urinary tract infections, inflammation, respiratory ailments, cardiovascular disorders, and microbial infections. The roots and flowers are most frequently used, typically prepared as decoctions or infusions. Phytochemical studies have identified diverse bioactive compounds, including phenolics, naphthoquinones, shikonins, fatty acids, sterols, terpenoids, amino acids, and toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Reported pharmacological effects include antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities, primarily attributed to polyphenolic and terpenoid content. However, the presence of toxic alkaloids also raises concerns regarding safety. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical components, and pharmacological activities of Echium species. The bioactivities observed in genus Echium L. substantiate the necessity for preclinical and clinical investigations to thoroughly elucidate and validate the therapeutic potential of this genus and emphasize its relevance in the development of novel therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14162548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T16:09:55Z","timestamp":1755274195000},"page":"2548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genus Echium L.: Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation for Drug Discovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-9226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvaneh","family":"Sheydaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE, Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Em\u00edlia","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE, Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.027","article-title":"Transport and bioactivity of cyanidin 3-glucoside into the vascular endothelium","volume":"52","author":"Ziberna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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