{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:27:20Z","timestamp":1765880840403,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds","award":["PTDC\/AGR-PRO\/6156\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/AGR-PRO\/6156\/2014"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["UID\/5748\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/5748\/2025"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["UIDB\/50016\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50016\/2025"]}]},{"name":"MGS\u2019s PhD scholarships"},{"name":"MNS\u2019s PhD scholarship","award":["SFRH\/BD\/99853\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/99853\/2014"]}]},{"name":"CEEC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant essential oils (EOs) are attracting interest as ecofriendly alternatives to antibiotics and copper-based control of kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC), caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). This study chemically profiled six EOs (anise, basil, cardamom, cumin, fennel, and laurel) and evaluated their antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in planta. The in vitro assay targeted four strains, two of Psa and two of the low-virulent P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm), whereas the in planta assay focused on the highly virulent Psa7286 strain, assessed under preventive and curative application regimes (i.e., 14 days pre- or post-inoculation, respectively). Cumin, with cuminaldehyde as its major component (48%), was the most effective EO in vitro, significantly inhibiting growth at 5\u201310% concentration, whereas anise, rich in anethole (89%), was consistently the least effective one. However, the in planta application of the EOs produced antimicrobial effects that differed markedly from in vitro results and showed strong dependence on the timing of application. Preventive treatment significantly reduced Psa endophytic populations in basil (70%), anise (54%), laurel (42%), and cumin (35%) compared to untreated plants. In contrast, when the EOs were applied post-inoculation (curative treatment), a significant decrease in Psa colonization was observed in laurel (81%), cardamon (70%), cumin (31%) and fennel (29%). Although plant EOs are gaining momentum in the control of Psa and other diseases, translation from in vitro to in planta efficacy is not direct and is strongly timing-dependent, which underscores the need to perform validation trials in planta and to fine-tune application schedules for the integrated management of KBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14243825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1765879044000},"page":"3825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Potential of Six Plant Essential Oils Against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: In Vitro Activity and In Planta Efficacy Do Not Always Align"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8228-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Nunes da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre\/Inov4Agro, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua da Agr\u00e1ria 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1203-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel G.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre\/Inov4Agro, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua da Agr\u00e1ria 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta W.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana M. P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre\/Inov4Agro, Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua da Agr\u00e1ria 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s13313-017-0504-1","article-title":"Risk factors for kiwifruit bacterial canker disease development in \u2018Hayward\u2019 kiwifruit blocks","volume":"46","author":"Froud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Austral. 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