{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:19:48Z","timestamp":1769001588813,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/00062\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00062\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIA\/00329\/2013, 2015 - 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIA\/00329\/2013, 2015 - 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/BIA\/00329\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Plants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge about folk medicines is limited to elder community members of remote communities, like Sete Cidades in the Azores. The Azores, 1300 km west of Portugal, are nine volcanic islands, totalling 2330 km2 of land dispersed by 173,200 km2 in the North Atlantic Ocean. The present study aims to scientifically document the uses of plant species for medicinal purposes, in the Sete Cidades. Twenty-eight community members from 40 to 84 years of age, of whom half were 55 to 64 years old, were interviewed. Twenty-nine taxa were reported as being used for medicinal purposes, ten of which have not been previously reported for ethnomedicinal use in Portugal, with a first record of the use of Morella faya. Leaves were the most used plant part (55%), and decoction the most common preparation mode. The five reported taxa with both the highest use value (0.71\u20130.25) and relative frequency of citation (0.14\u20130.11) were Clinopodium menthifolium subsp. ascendens, Aloysia citriodora, Mentha x piperita, Citrus limon and Rosmarinus officinalis. The traditional uses of some of the reported plants are supported by scientific studies, confirming their ethnomedicinal value and the need to preserve local knowledge of folk medicine practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8080256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T11:15:56Z","timestamp":1564485356000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ethnobotanical Knowledge in Sete Cidades, Azores Archipelago: First Ethnomedicinal Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pedro T. M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta A. F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO-A\u00e7ores, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. L.","family":"Seca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes\/Azorean Biodiversity Group &amp; University of Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"},{"name":"QOPNA &amp; LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.031","article-title":"Ethnobotany\/ethnopharmacology and mass bioprospecting: Issues on intellectual property and benefit-sharing","volume":"100","author":"Soejarto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pardo-de-Santayana, M., Pieroni, A., and Puri, R.K. (2013). The ethnobotany of Europe: Past and present. Ethnobotany in the new Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources, Berghahn Books."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, April 12). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014\u20132023. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/92455\/9789241506090_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019, April 13). WHO, Fact sheet N\u00b0 134. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/2003\/fs134\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.01.034","article-title":"Ethnobotany and herbal medicine in modern complementary and alternative medicine: An overview of publications in the field of I&C medicine 2001-2013","volume":"181","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-018-9411-9","article-title":"Knowledge loss and change between 2002 and 2017\u2014A revisit of plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya","volume":"72","author":"Bussmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, April 03). CAOP, Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal. Available online: http:\/\/www.dgterritorio.pt\/cartografia_e_geodesia\/cartografia\/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_\/caop__download_\/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2013_2\/."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"111","article-title":"Plantas empregadas na medicina popular nas ilhas dos A\u00e7ores","volume":"17","author":"Pereira","year":"1953","journal-title":"Comiss\u00e3o Reguladora dos Cereais do Arquip\u00e9lago dos A\u00e7ores"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Cors\u00e9pius, Y. (1997). Algumas Plantas Medicinais dos A\u00e7ores, Author Edition. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Braga, T., and Pontes, G. (2006). Plantas Usadas na Medicina Popular, Amigos dos A\u00e7ores. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Borges, P.A.V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Gon\u00e7alves, V., Martins, A.F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., and Rodrigues, P. (2010). List of vascular plants (Tracheobionta). A List of the Terrestrial and Marine Biota from the Azores, Princ\u00edpia."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2008). PROTA: Plano regional de ordenamento do territ\u00f3rio para a Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores. Volume II\u2014Modelo Territorial e Normas Orientadoras, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e do Mar\u2014Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional do Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio e dos Recursos H\u00eddricos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saynes-V\u00e1squez, A., Vibrans, H., Vergara-Silva, F., and Caballero, J. (2016). Intracultural differences in local botanical knowledge and knowledge loss among the Mexican Isthmus Zapotecs. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151693"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"85","article-title":"Diversity, knowledge, and use of leafy vegetables in northern Thailand\u2014Maintenance and transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge during urbanisation","volume":"62","author":"Vilkamaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.2003.00031.x","article-title":"Genetic structure and origin of peopling in The Azores Islands (Portugal): The view from mtDNA","volume":"67","author":"Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Gene."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20492","article-title":"Assessment of Azorean ancestry by Alu insertion polymorphisms","volume":"18","author":"Branco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Amer. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862203","article-title":"The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique","volume":"47","author":"Phillips","year":"1993","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-015-9322-y","article-title":"How study design influences the ranking of medicinal plant importance: A case study from Ghana, West Africa","volume":"69","author":"Dudney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-017-9389-8","article-title":"Theories and major hypotheses in ethnobotany","volume":"71","author":"Gaoue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-016-0121-z","article-title":"A comparison of traditional plant knowledge between students and herders in northern Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Bruyere","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aswani, S., Lemahieu, A., and Sauer, W.H.H. (2018). Global trends of local ecological knowledge and future implication. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195440"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.02.015","article-title":"Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in Arr\u00e1bida Natural Park","volume":"93","author":"Novais","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.04.041","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological notes about ancient uses of medicinal plants in Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes (Northern of Portugal)","volume":"124","author":"Neves","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"de Santayana, M.P., Pieroni, A., and Puri, R.K. (2010). Persistence of wild food and wild medicinal plant knowledge in a North-Eastern region of Portugal. Ethnobotany in the New Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources, Berghahn Books."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.02.016","article-title":"Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granada province (southern Spain): Ethnopharmacological synthesis","volume":"129","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.09.019","article-title":"Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in Northern Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"133","author":"Cavero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.09.031","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Ajloun Heights region","volume":"110","author":"Aburjai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.09.048","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal plant use value in the Lakki Marwat District of Pakistan","volume":"158","author":"Ullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2016.03.004","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants from degraded dry afromontane forest in Northern Ethiopia: Species, uses and conservation challenges","volume":"6","author":"Giday","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Herbal Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.01.024","article-title":"Traditional uses of medicinal plants reported by the indigenous communities and local herbal practitioners of Bajaur agency, federally administrated tribal areas, Pakistan","volume":"198","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.003","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sirjan in Kerman Province, Iran","volume":"154","author":"Nasab","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2008.05.001","article-title":"An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the southeastern Karoo, South Africa","volume":"74","year":"2008","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e934797","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/934797","article-title":"Effect of polyherbal mixtures on the treatment of diabetes","volume":"2013","author":"Panda","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.014","article-title":"Folk medicinal plant mixtures: Establishing a protocol for further studies","volume":"214","author":"Gras","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.010","article-title":"The genus Inula and their metabolites: From ethnopharmacological to medicinal uses","volume":"154","author":"Seca","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W., and Jones, R. (2000). Natural products (secondary metabolites). Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00083-5","article-title":"Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the regions of L\u2019Alt Emporda and Les Guilleries (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"68","author":"Bonet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2019, July 11). Inventario Espa\u00f1ol de los Conocimientos Tradicionales Relativos a la Biodiversidad (IECTB). Available online: https:\/\/www.miteco.gob.es\/es\/biodiversidad\/temas\/inventarios-nacionales\/ict_2018_tomo3web_tcm30-448314.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9722","DOI":"10.1021\/jf503540s","article-title":"Myrica faya: A new source of antioxidant phytochemicals","volume":"62","author":"Gouveia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.10.010","article-title":"Polyphenols of Myrica faya inhibit key enzymes linked to type II diabetes and obesity and formation of advanced glycation end-products (in vitro): Potential role in the prevention of diabetic complications","volume":"116","author":"Castilho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17160","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160817160","article-title":"Recent breakthroughs in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Morella and Myrica species","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.05.046","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2013Turkey)","volume":"137","author":"Khatun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1771","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio from Madeira","volume":"22","author":"Castilho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.02.007","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Northern Badia region","volume":"137","author":"Alzweiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00270-8","article-title":"An ethnobotanical study of medicinal and aromatic plants in Natural Park of \u201cSerra de S\u00e3o Mamede\u201d (Portugal)","volume":"89","author":"Bonet","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmarcol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Botelho, M.P.V. (2007). Etnobot\u00e2nica da ilha de S. Miguel: Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o Patrimonial e Potencial Econ\u00f3mico. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Azores]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00299","article-title":"Greater celandine\u2019s ups and downs-21 centuries of medicinal uses of Chelidonium majus from the viewpoint of today\u2019s pharmacology","volume":"9","author":"Sowa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000321397","article-title":"Chelidonium majus\u2013An integrative review: Traditional knowledge versus modern findings","volume":"17","author":"Gilca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forsch. Komplementmed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12771","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171112771","article-title":"Medicinal plants: A source of anti-parasitic secondary metabolites","volume":"17","author":"Wink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.02.018","article-title":"Ascaridole-less infusions of Chenopodium ambrosioides contain a nematocide(s) that is(are) not toxic to mammalian smooth muscle","volume":"92","author":"MacDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.014","article-title":"Neuropharmacological profile of an ethanol extract of Ruta chalepensis L. in mice","volume":"106","author":"Carrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(90)90081-4","article-title":"Studies on Ruta chalepensis, an ancient medicinal herb still used in traditional medicine","volume":"28","author":"Tariq","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.01.004","article-title":"Composition and anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia herba-alba, Ruta chalpensis L. and Peganum harmala L.","volume":"55","author":"Khlifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.08.001","article-title":"Phytochemicals and biological activities of Ruta chalepensis L. growing in Tunisia","volume":"12","author":"Kacem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3005","article-title":"Identification of bioactive compounds from flowers of black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) that activate the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)\u03b3","volume":"24","author":"Christensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"9","article-title":"Chemical profiles and antioxidant activity of black elder (Sambucus nigra L.)\u2014A review","volume":"74","author":"Petrut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. UASVM Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.11.025","article-title":"Bioactive properties of Sambucus nigra L. as a functional ingredient for food and pharmaceutical industry","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.07.012","article-title":"Advanced research on the antioxidant and health benefit of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) in food\u2014A review","volume":"18","author":"Sidor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Williamson, E., Driver, S., and Baxter, K. (2009). Stockley\u2019s Herbal Medicines Interactions. A Guide to the Interactions of Herbal Medicines, Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals with Conventional Medicines, Pharmaceutical Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2019, January 15). The Plant List Data Base. Available online: http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org\/tpl1.1\/record\/kew-43598."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(89)90018-4","article-title":"Sedating and antipyretic activity of the essential oil of Calamintha sylvatica subsp. ascendens","volume":"25","author":"Montero","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2002.9699768","article-title":"Essential oils in Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. ssp ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball: Wild and cultivated productions and antifungal activity","volume":"14","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2010.9700337","article-title":"Composition of the essential oils of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica and Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. ascendens (Jordan) P.W. Ball","volume":"22","author":"Alan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"154","article-title":"Biomarkers for evaluation of potential genotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Nigro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32546","DOI":"10.17795\/jjnpp-32546","article-title":"Acute, subacute, and cell toxicity of the aqueous extract of Lippia citriodora","volume":"11","author":"Etemad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur. J. Nat. Pharm. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00232-3","article-title":"Perinatal toxicology of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) in mice","volume":"69","author":"Rey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810152902592","article-title":"Final report on the safety assessment of Mentha piperita (Peppermint) oil, Mentha piperita (Peppermint) leaf extract, Mentha piperita (Peppermint) leaf, and Mentha piperita (Peppermint) leaf water","volume":"20","author":"Nair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"214","article-title":"A review of medicinal uses and pharmacological effects of Mentha piperita","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Radian."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(83)90120-0","article-title":"Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with pulegone and menthol","volume":"19","author":"Thorup","year":"1983","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.27-2661","article-title":"Cyanogenic glucosides Sambucus nigra L.","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2013.859852","article-title":"An evidence-based systematic review of elderberry and elderflower (Sambucus nigra) by the natural standard research collaboration","volume":"11","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diet Suppl."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2019, January 09). Compendium of Botanicals Reported to Contain Naturally Occurring Substances of Possible Concern for Human Health. Available online: http:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/efsajournal\/pub\/2663.htm."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"EMA\/HMPC European Medicines Agency (2019, January 12). Assessment Report on Sambucus Nigra L., Fructus. Available online: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report\/2013\/04\/WC500142245.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"47","article-title":"Contact dermatitis from Chelidonium majus (greater celandine)","volume":"43","author":"Etxenagusia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contact Derm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.12771\/emj.2014.37.1.60","article-title":"Chelidonium majus-induced acute hepatitis","volume":"37","author":"Im","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ewha Med. J."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"46","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): A review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Pantano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00181-6","article-title":"Medicinal plants in Mexico, Healer\u2019s consensus and cultural importance","volume":"47","author":"Heinrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.06.029","article-title":"A cross-cultural analysis of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh (India) medicinal plant use","volume":"155","author":"Gairola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01239-A","article-title":"The ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands, a review","volume":"46","author":"Rivera","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.022","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants traditionally used in the Arribes del Duero, western Spain","volume":"131","author":"Amich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.03.014","article-title":"Comparison of Lamiaceae medicinal uses in eastern Morocco and eastern Andalusia and in Ibn al-Baytar\u2019s compendium of simple medicaments (13th century CE)","volume":"202","author":"Merzouki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2004.01.008","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology of ogliastra (Villagrande Strisaili, Sardinia, Italy)","volume":"75","author":"Loi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.02.005","article-title":"Ethnobotanical study of plants used for therapeutic purposes in the Atlantic Forest region, Southern Brazil","volume":"164","author":"Tribess","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.07.038","article-title":"Plants species in the folk medicine of Montecorvino Rovella (inland Campania, Italy)","volume":"109","author":"Pollio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2011.02.009","article-title":"Conserving indigenous knowledge as the key to the current and future use of traditional vegetables","volume":"31","author":"Dweba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Inform. Manage."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Recursos Florestais (2019, February 24). Invent\u00e1rio Florestal, Available online: http:\/\/drrf-sraa.azores.gov.pt\/areas\/inventario-florestal\/Paginas\/Introducao.aspx."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Decreto Regional N\u00ba 2\/1980\/A de 7 de Fevereiro (2019, February 03). Azorean Government, Available online: http:\/\/www.azores.gov.pt\/JO\/Serie+I\/1980\/S%C3%A9rie+I+N%C2%BA+15+de+29+de+Abril+de+1980\/Decreto+Regional+N%C2%BA+2+de+1980.htm."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"155","article-title":"Plano da bacia hidrogr\u00e1fica da lagoa das Sete Cidades (A\u00e7ores): Compatibiliza\u00e7\u00e3o entre sistema produtivo e ambiente","volume":"9","author":"Porteiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"GeoINova"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2019, February 03). CLIMAAT Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.climaat.angra.uac.pt\/CD\/pages\/s_miguel_prec.htm."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2019, February 03). National Institute of Statistic. Available online: http:\/\/censos.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=CENSOS&xpgid=censos_quadros."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.03.043","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological field studies: A critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods","volume":"124","author":"Heinrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.08.018","article-title":"Recommended standards for conducting and reporting ethnopharmacological field studies","volume":"210","author":"Weckerle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chorology and diversity of the Azorean Flora","volume":"374","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diss. Bot."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"275","article-title":"Endemic vascular plants of the Azores: An updated list","volume":"66","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hoppea. Denkschr. Regensbg. Bot. Ges."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, H. (2005). Flora of the Azores. A Field Guide, Margraf Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"IPNI (2019, March 02). The International Plant Names Index. Available online: http:\/\/www.ipni.org."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2019, March 02). GBIF\u2014The Global Biodiversity Information Facility Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.gbif.org."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.021","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological field study of the plants used to treat type 2 diabetes among the Cakchiquels in Guatemala","volume":"159","author":"Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12231-007-9004-5","article-title":"Cultural importance indices: A comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of Southern Cantabria (Northern Spain)","volume":"62","year":"2008","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.11.024","article-title":"Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)-an alpine ethnobotanical study","volume":"145","author":"Vitalini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Plants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/8\/8\/256\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:11:12Z","timestamp":1760188272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2223-7747\/8\/8\/256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["plants8080256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants8080256","relation":{},"ISSN":["2223-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2223-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]}}}